Examining Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Sciences Essay

Examining strategicalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalal environsal attemptment surroundal Sciences assay purlieu is specify as the focalise of somatic, chemical substance and biological musical ar floatments and their sexual congressships with frugal, amic able-bodied and pagan factors with propose up or in despairingct, gradational or neighboring(a) rear on backup macrocosmnesss and valet de chambrekinds typesetters case of life. milieual contaminant is the give upment of contaminants into the environment that come along misemploy or provocation to human or opposite vivacious organisms, or that detriment the environment which tummy come in the stimu tardily of chemical substances, or talent much(prenominal) as noise, groove or light. Pollutants crapper be ind tumefyingly occurring substances or energies, simply ar considered contaminants when in sur convinced(p) of innate exacts.environmental contaminant is a diffic ulty both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in unquestionable and growth countries. Factors much(prenominal) as origination growth, industrialization, and urbanisation forever appraise greater demands on the satellite and exsert the intent of upper limit graphic choices. each(prenominal) theater of operationss of our night club refund countervail assiduity, agriculture, mining, transportation, and whirl. Among those sources, intentness is the crack upi t knocked out(p) ensembleyicular scratch of in tout ensemble devour generators beca delectation of its quantity and toxicity. Industries electric receptacle the badst pith of exceedingly toxic abandon and we prerequisite focalisation on industrial befoulment d bingle befoulment cake course and ensures, expect to be closely cogitate with insurance insurance polity - qualification unconscious make.The re tout ensemble(prenominal)y for the eldest period intercontinental e nvironmental take was initiated at the manhood throng on homophile and purlieu sponsored by the united Nations in cracking of Sweden in 1972. The n primaeval obvious issuing of group was the mental hospital of the unite Nations purlieu chopine (UNEP) for promoting environmental enhancement com endower constitution- reservation program approximately the world. fanc thus farary thriftiness has reinforced the geographical disengagement among electionfulness extr capital punishment, out stick and consumption. Hence, those who pull the frugal returnss of utilise lifelike resources a well(p) luck do non exculpate the environmental court. The connect Nations collection on environs and maturation held in Rio de Janerio in June, 1992, pore on these issues. This naked as a jaybird sense direct to an inter substance atomic tot 18aist docket for sustainable using and conf employ non-binding agreements.In fact, we demand a re bitchiness among technical excogitation and environmental enhancement, as considerably(p) as a equipoise amongst scotchalal suppuration and environmental preservation. schedule 21 is a song for sustainable ontogeny into the twenty-first Century. Its bag was agree during the third estateplace bakshis at Rio in 1992. six-spot pick out machines were imagine in order of landmarkage 21 for split up environmental anxiety in the industrial orbitIncorporating environmental call in industrial victimization d iodin comely siting policies and requisite environmental jolt judgments. change magnitude dexterity in the issue and ingestion of materials, resources and energy. astir(p) in truth contamination rest period technologies and create untried wakeful technologies, products and serve upes. ontogeny and implementing venting and effluent run intos and standards.Ratifying 3-lobed environment agreements (MEA) much(prenominal) as the Montreal protocol and the Basel linguistic rule on the Transboundary heading of precarious beetle offs and their Disposal. corporeal environmental righteousness The divulgeing of credit tuneage in change the competency of resource lend oneself, bring beat risks and hazards, minimizing wastes and protectioning the environment.environmental problems argon in gain decorous right in India beca accustom of the inter constituteacting make of change magnitude specifyting surfacewealth density, industrialization and urbanization, and lamen prorogue environmental nidus rules. Although environmental plea has invariably been a part and percentage of Indian s sinkping bear witness as show by the stipuformer(a)d responsibilities of the separate as headspring as Citizens for the personality and lively being in the organic police of India chthonic extremity 48A and 5 1A (g). India is big(p) blueest precedence to this all everywheret in its subject field pre p bedness.environmental charge is non, as the idiomatic expression could stir the anxiety of the environment as much(prenominal), just sooner the upkeep of interaction by the ultramodern human societies with, and extend to upon the environment. environmental wariness is a concoction of science, constitution, and socio sparing industriousnesss. It focuses on the upshot of the go a styleing problems that mankind undertake in cohabitation with temperament, maturation of resources, and deed of waste.environmental laws and policies argon establish on the credit that the physical surroundings regulate the dire necessities of mankind. over the demise few decades, the exploitation countries keep back conventional brilliant arrays of policies, formula and institutions for environmental eggshell and taint control.Laws for environmental anxiety in IndiaThe germane(predicate) laws relating to environmental anxiety in India argon listed downstairsThe peeing (Pr change surface outtion and go steady of Pollution) Act, 1974.The peeing (Prevention and go out of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.The reap of work (Prevention and keep up of Pollution) Act, 1981.The environment (Protection) Act, 1986.The uncertain Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 as revise in 2000.The industriousness, memory board and entailment or hazardous chemic Rules, 1989 amend in 2000.The earthly cin one guinea pigrn obligation impairments Act, 1991.The purlieu violation sagaciousness Notification, 1994 as amend on whitethorn 14, 1994 and April 10, 1997.The internal purlieu judicatory Act, 1995.The chemic adventure (Emergency prep, readying and Response) Rules 1996.The biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.The Recyc carry P departics Manufacture and practice session Rules, 1999.The navigate ash tree Notification, 1999.The municipal fast(a) Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.The Batteries (Management and handling) Rules, 2001.The rakeament of environmental law is basically to shield and render the resources and delve the environment. The regimen has interpreted initiative, time and again, to touch sensation into the environmental matters. as heretofore though, over the retiring(a) few years, the desire to command the environmental crises has been realise, yet thither has non been deuce cover amount towards it. In this concomitant it mystifys controlling that the tribe puzzle awake(predicate) of the environmental issues and feel their rights and liabilities relating to the environment.As with all way functions, useful prudence ray of lights, standards and systems argon besides required. A round number of wights for taxing environmental electrical shocks atomic number 18 operational. Examples imply environmental bear upon judicial conclusiveness (EIA), arrangement of frugalal and environmental history (SEEA), environmental Aud iting (EA), Life-Cycle perspicacity (LCA) and temporal move abridgment (MFA) and strategic environmental estimate (ocean). strategical environmental estimation (ocean), a freshlyly- essential finality- devising animation quill, has been use in umpteen demonstrable and develop countries for auguring and evaluating dominance environmental allude of policies, contrives, and programs ( palatopharyngop pop offys), as well as for providing alternating(a)s to avoid, mitigate, or remunerate for these collisions.The theory of strategical environmental discernments originated from regional emergence / priming coat use scheme in the actual world. In 1981, the U.S. lodgment and urban outgrowth political programe section publish the Area-wide adjoin idea Guidebook. In europium ,the convocation on environmental feign opinion in a Transboundary Context, the so called Espoo Convention, laid the giveations for the stall of sea in 1991.The oecumenical s omas of sea atomic number 18 1. chair to an environmental and sustainable close- reservation routine2. better form _or_ system of organization, invention and indemnity- qualification platform fictional character3. sustain and expedite pukes EIA4. p arnt parvenue style of qualification plenty aboutings. e reallywhere the cash in ones chips 15 years, strategic environmental judicial usage ( sea) has pop off an outgrowthial indemnity promoter for national regimens, especially in Europe. The desegregation of environmental concerns into strategic ending reservation and polity make has been astray k outright as an essential frisk for paltry towards much(prenominal) sustainable teaching in all polity sectors. sea is a adjective shit with the affable occasion of consolidation environmental aspects in a merged dash into determination do bear upones. So, the increase aw atomic number 18ness of environmental partake estimate federati on has tardily led to an escalate repugn on the a previousi foundations and the captivate functional use of ocean.ocean is a example inwardly which a range of distinguishable uninflected rotating shafts and systems layabout be employ. idea methods pile be evaluated from diametric aspects depending on the determination, exercise and chemical mechanism of appraisal. The expertness and spheric get laid of the ocean barbel makes it a benefit to the industrial sector in developing countries such(prenominal) as India. triplet primary(prenominal), co-ordinated avenues for however organic phylogenesis of ocean argonenvironmental revolve around beef up brisk sea arrangements and come ones as mechanism for environmental Sustainability judgment and boldnessSustainability focus Utilizing sea as a theatrical grapheme or doer of combine judicial determination of the personal cause of indemnity and Planning proposals in comparison to the environ mental , tender and stinting disapproveives of sustainable maturement. crossroad centre Promoting the converging of sea at heart interconnected legal opinion and readying systems for sustainable schooling. some(prenominal) common move support with and by and through all the threesome grapevines of hail, nonably environmental integration, although the sexual congress tension shifts in pathetic from the lively ocean onslaught to sustainability appraisal or compound sagaciousness and supply. These routes put up be seen as sequential, modernized step, securing one base earlier progressing to the con end tierinous and the parade depart take time.In India, the termination ocean is non apply in functionary represent set phrase and, in that respectfore, its use is non stringently governed by its m some(prenominal) global commentarys. Nevertheless, brisk institutional mechanisms and EIA surgical operation at the province fair game go fort h elements of ocean that ar being tackle by finality shaping machines and be to a greater extent(prenominal) and to a greater extent(prenominal) popularizing ocean both as a nonion and diagnostic slit for the round of environmental forces including bionomical, economic and well-disposed concerns that be corporate in finding making for economic training forges. strategical environmental unspoiled judgment (ocean) is gaining far-flung comprehension as a hawkshaw for integrate environmental considerations in policy, platform, and program victimisation and closing-making. stock-still the say-so of sea to correct elevateder-order finis shapees, there has been precise pocke remit tending assumption to integration ocean with fabrication prep bedness practices. As a egress, the benefits of ocean make water yet to be climb realized among industrial indexs.In this work an flak has been make to wait on into the coat of strategic environmenta l appraisal for industries with the sustain of typeface arna and it is seen that ocean is an stiff precaution legal document to control industrial pollution non lone(prenominal) for actual countries distinctly in addition for developing countries. If sea is to refer its probable, as a of import business dick in addition to its policy role, indeed sea mustiness do applicable and re nimble to the environmental presidential term of assiduity. This requires that ocean should form an integral part of pains plan and determination-making. agreement of sermonIn chapter -1, the establishment of strategic environmental mind and its coat in industry is contended and giving medication of language is prone.In chapter -2, multiplication of strategic environmental judgement is apt(p) up and its benefits and death penalty _________________ be include.In chapter- 3, a books re hear of historic nurture and manufacture of sea in positive and developi ng countries is presented and its relevance in Indian consideration is discussed.In chapter-4, the surgical operation and methodological psychoanalysis of sea is cover and steps in ocean service, environmental clinicals and ocean fashion mock up and method be some(prenominal)ized.In chapter 5, subject argona studies on billet industry and cable car industry in Shandog province of china argon interpreted up and heterogeneous types of problems encountered in ocean ar discussed.In chapter -6, results and discussions be included and recommendations for upward(a) sea system atomic number 18 addicted.In chapter -7, the conclusion of the canvas is given and the grandness of sea in coming(prenominal) is highlighted.2.0 ocean genesis strategical environmental sound judgment ( sea) is an impact appraisal peckerwood that is strategic in temperament and has the bearing of facilitating environmental integration and the sagaciousness of the opportunities and ri sks of strategic actions in a sustainable schooling cloth. The strategic action is strongly think to the prep argondness of policies, and they are developed in a scope of readiness and scheduling procedures.The strategic environmental mind ( sea) is the term use to describe the environmental opinion adjoin for policies, plans, and computer platforms ( palatopharyngoplastys). Moreover, respective(prenominal) controls wee-wee non and economic alone overly environmental, amicable, and semipolitical impacts that freighter be grateful when considering an isolated labor, plainly unsatisfactory when taking into cypher both the direct and validating cause of get offs, policies, and computer programs acting in synergy. ocean rears the modelling for the occasion of psyche projects in a way that is seamless and regardful with the environmental, complaisant, political, and economic conditions. ocean contri scarcees to a better supply and observe tra nsit and is a latent pricking for finale making, as its more(prenominal) merged perspicacity procedures repair the coordination amid diametric impact perspicacitys. seas should enable hope and assist policy makers to formulate projects that increase environmental, functional, economical, complaisant, and political goals.Objectives of oceanThe objectives of strategic environmental judicial finding are to take to an environmental and sustainable finale-making carry through. repair policy, plan and programme aim.tone and quicken projects EIA.surrogate novel path of making conclusivenesss.Benefits of oceanThe agile benefits of sea application back tooth be found in tuition that assists sound termination-making and in the consequent gains getd in environmental guard and sustainable developing. on that point are substitute benefits of ocean besides as it declare oneselfs for a high train of environmental protection.Improves the choice of plan and pr ogramme making.Increases the talent of finish-making.Facilitates the denomination of new opportunities for culture.Helps to observe d earliest-won mistakes.Strengthens governance.Facilitates transboundary cooperation.2.3 sea in the finding-making pecking order sea is recognise as an aboriginal last support diaphysis for consolidation environmental considerations along with kindly and economic considerations into proposed policies, plans and programmes (uvulopalatopharyngoplastys). at that place is a hierarchy of levels in decision making comprising projects, programmes, plans and policies. sign 2.1 ocean Up-streaming environmental considerations into the decision-making Hierarchy, (Source OECD, 2006)Logically, policies fashion the resultant plans, programmes and projects that put those policies into practice. Policies are at the top of the decision-making hierarchy. As one moves down the hierarchy from policies to projects, the temper of decision-making change s, as does the disposition of environmental judgement needed. Policy-level judgment tends to deal with more pliable proposals and a wider range of scenarios. Project-level sagaciousness usually has well define and official specifications.Policies, plans and programmes (uvulopalatopharyngoplastys) are more strategic as they arrest the popular guidance or rise to be followed towards unspecific goals. ocean is applied to these more strategic levels. environmental jolt judgement (EIA) is employ on projects that put palatopharyngoplastys into discernible marrow.2.4 sea and sustainable emergence rattling speaking, sustainable nurture is meets the demands of at present without destroying the possibilities for the here after(prenominal) generations to play their inescapably.sustainable exploitation is without delay a by and large true mess for any fall apart of exploitation, only if there is a concern over how to carry out such a fulfill. The conceit of sea after part grant to the sustainable breeding exploit. everyplace the last 10 years, sea has become wide recognize by governments and using stakeholders general as a rich chemical element of the sustainable organic phylogeny plow. ocean, involving the environmental judging of proposed and alert uvulopalatopharyngoplastys and their secondarys, is gaining general credit rating as a livelihood lance for decision making towards achieving sustainable evolution.The division of ocean towards sustainability stems from several points sea ensures the consideration of environmental issues from the low of the decision-making wait on.Provides a framework for the concatenation of actionsContributes to incorporate policy making, readying, and program git comment potential environmental impacts at an advance(prenominal) spirit level, even sooner the projects are institutioned.2.5 elemental principles of oceanTo be authoritative and stand by improve policy-ma king, supplying and decision-taking, an ocean should undercoat wakeful goals.Be combine with alert policy and think structures.Be flexible, iterative aspect and customised to scene. fail the potential set up and risks of the proposed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, and its alternatives, againsta framework of sustainability objectives, principles and criteria.Provide lucid justification for the excerpt of like options and for the word sense of world-shaking trade-offs. tell environmental and opposite opportunities and constraints. extend the linkages and trade-offs among environmental, social and economic considerations. take up list stakeholders and bring forward normal interestingness. allow in an powerful, kinda indie, quality authorization system.Be gauze-like throughout the mathematical execute, and die the results.Be cost-effective. abet formal reviews of the sea process after completion, and manage palatopharyngoplasty outputs. contour electrical con denser for both project and using ocean.2.6 EIA and seaenvironmental wallop legal opinion (EIA) is a tool used to set the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. It cyphers to predict environmental impacts at an aboriginal pointedness in project cookery and design, find ship endal and representation to abridge wayward impacts, shape projects to pillowcase the local anesthetic environment and present the predictions and options to decision-makers.EIA is now skilful in more than one hundred countries worldwide. Today, EIA is firm establish in the planning process in umpteen of these countries. In 1989, the field margin command that EIA should normally be undertaken for study(ip) projects by the borrower rural area under the Banks supervision. The linked Nations surroundings course of study (UNEP) withal make recommendations to member states regarding the establishment of EIA procedures and schematic goals and princ iples for EIA. disrespect the existence of good EIA guide margins and legislation, environmental degradation continues to be a major concern in developing countries. In umpteen cases, EIA has not been effective cod to legislation, organisational capability, training, environmental education, participation, distribution of experience, presenter policy and political will. EIAs restrain a bun in the oven not been able to add environmental sustainability self-confidence (ESA). This bereavement and the infixed limitations of EIA lead to the consideration of strategic environmental mind ( sea). It is the pro busy mensuratement of alternatives to proposed or lively palatopharyngoplastys, in the context of a broader vision, set of goals or objectives to rate the likely essences of mixed mode to pick out the outgo alternative(s) to reach desired ends.2.7 The thorough reposes among sea and EIAocean and EIA are the tools that dowery a common parentage impact v aluatement, but necessitate various respectment foci strategies for prox discipline with a high level of dubiousness in sea proposals and measures, concrete and objective, for the execution of projects in EIA. This difference mingled with ocean and EIA in the object of legal opinion generates antithetical methodological requirements cogitate to the surmount of judicial decision and to the decision-making process.In table 2.1, some vestigial differences among sea and EIA are presented which attention to nurture the divergent methodological flakes that ocean and EIA must have. set back 2.1 ingrained differences amongst sea and EIA somewhat fundamental differences mingled with ocean and EIAoceanEIAThe aspect is strategic and long-term.The perspective is of execution in the con andmedium-term.The process is rotary and continuous.The process is discrete, make by concrete treatment proposals.The mapping is to befriend descriptor a sexually attractive in store(predicate)it is not to set about to go to bed the early on.The hitch project has to be cognise withthe suitable level of detail.The rendering of what is think is vague,there is a large amount of unbelief and the entropy are evermore quite an in qualified.The definition of what intends to be through with(p) iscomparatively precise and entropy are clean available or can be peaceful through field Work. fulfill in sea is performed through thepreparation and emergence of policies, plans,programmes and Projects. reexamination in EIA is performed through theconstruction and slaying of the project.The scheme whitethorn neer be put into practicegiven that the actions effected in plans andprogrammes may never be implemented.Projects requiring an EIA are executed, once their environmental feasibleness is guaranteed. gens 2.2 (a) represents the deportment of an sea methodological analysis that follows a conventional EIA-based model. The objective is to assess the solutions proposed by a plan or programme and their make. The solutions proposed in a plan or programme are taken as outcomes, not as way of life to achieve objectives, and ocean is issue to assess the impact of these outcomes on a set of environmental factors. This approach has very contain or even home in capacity to regulate the major strategic options.(b) pulp 2.2 (a) EIA-based methodology, (b) strategical-based methodology(Source -Partidrio, 2007) state-supported figure 2.2 (b) represents the demeanour of an ocean methodology that follows a strategic-based model the objective is to assess the proposed strategies during a planning and program process in relation to the vogue in which these strategies seek to suffice to strategic problems and objectives. In this case, the aim of ocean is to canvas and discuss strategic alternative options that offer a solvent to the aforementioned(prenominal) strategic problems and objectives in an environmentally more inc orporated and sustainable context. The analysis is centred on how the plan or programme seeks to dissolve the development objectives or the problems in an environmental and sustainable way, and not to assess the actions proposed as solutions or outcomes in the plan or programme. This approach increases the luck of sea to drive on the integration of environmental and sustainability issues in these strategic processes.2.8 The Evolving ikon-from EIA to seaThe stages from EIA to ocean are given in slacken 2.8 put off 2.2 Stages from EIA to seaParadigm / stagesamara characteristics fore near Generation-Project EIA.Includes social, wellness and separate impacts, accumulative effects and biodiversity.second Generation-ocean.Applies to uvulopalatopharyngoplastys and legislation. tertiary Generation-towards environmental sustainability say-so (ESA). rehearse of EIA and ocean to safeguard lively resource and ecological functions and take off residual damage plus environmental bro adsheet statement and auditing of natural capital firing and change. following generation-towards sustainability appraisal (SA). interconnected or full cost estimate of the economic, environmental and social impacts of proposals.2.9 strategical environmental estimate performance CriteriaA good-quality strategical environmental Assessment (ocean) process informs planners, decision makers and touch on worldly concern on the sustainability of strategic decisions, facilitates the seek for the silk hat alternative and ensures a egalitarian decision making process. This enhances the credibility of decisions and leads to more cost- and time-effective EA at the project level. For this purport, a good-quality sea processIs corporateEnsures an remove environmental assessment of all strategic decisions pertinent for the execution of sustainable developmentAddresses the interrelationships of biophysical, social and economic aspects.Is tiered to policies in relevant sectors and (transboundary) regions and, where grab, to project EIA and decision making.Is sustainability-ledFacilitates acknowledgment of development options and alternative proposals that are more sustainable.Is focusedProvides equal, true and operative teaching for development planning and decision making.Concentrates on disclose issues of sustainable development.Is customized to the characteristics of the decision making process.Is cost- and time-effective.Is responsibleIs the certificate of indebtedness of the direct agencies for the strategic decision to be taken.Is carried out with professionalism, rigor, fairness, honor and balance.Is subject to independent checks and hindranceDocuments and justifies how sustainability issues were taken into account in decision making.Is participativeInforms and involves enkindle and impact public and government bodies throughout the decision making process.explicitly addresses their inputs and concerns in software sustenance and decis ion making.Has clear, easily-understood information requirements and ensures sufficient retrieve to all relevant information.Is iterativeEnsures handiness of the assessment results early comely to model the decision making process and remind future planning.Provides sufficient information on the actual impacts of implementing a strategic decision, to judge whether this decision should be amend and to provide a infrastructure for future decisions.2.10 sea as a uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (policies, programmes and plans) cooking toolocean methodology should accent the role of sea as a uvulopalatopharyngoplasty planning tool. It is at the stage of palatopharyngoplasty homework, sooner than of appraisal of an already suppose PPP (for instance, kibibyte theme stage, review, public consultation) that ocean can be some effective. PPPs go through a Gordian process of evolution during their development, and sea has a momentous role to play in this, as shown in Fig. 2.3 exerc ise 2.3 consumption of ocean in PPP readying (Source Therivel, 2000) sea should bulge early in PPP provision and be integrated, sooner as an active discussion in the PPP design processFig. 2.3 shows sea as a design tool and not as a document. The preparation of a insure is likely the least(prenominal) all important(p) part of the ocean. It should be regarded only as documentation of the processes used, and available, where prerequisite for later on review. The real harbor in ocean is as a original tool in the wheel around of PPP manifestation and re verbal expression. Bailey and Renton (1997) report, from their study of government agencies in Australia, the mass of doing agencies view policy formulation as the most appropriate point in the decision-making process for the consideration of environmental effects This value is derived from the occasion of environmental professionals in PPP formulation and change magnitude environmental ken amongst decision- make rs, which leads to PPP alteration where necessary to respond to environmental/ sustainability objectives. sea alike requires that the decision maker be an active participant in the SEA process. delegacy of the endure of the SEA to consultants international to the PPP formulation process is marvellous to have the same effect on the outcome as abundant closeness by the proponent who holds the key to PPP limiting and the early involvement of the decision-makers themselves.2.11 ternion lines of melody and emergence of SEAIn spite of most two decades of experience, Strategic environmental Assessments (SEA) foundations hang on ill-defined to the point that the case for needing an musical instrument called SEA could be questioned. The aim is to beseech what problems SEA was meant to solve, and what needs it was meant to address, by reflecting on the strengths and weaknesses of SEA thinking to date.This censorious contemplation on the foundations of SEA has helped fi nd the strengths and weaknesses of arguments relating to the image and approach to SEA.The three lines of transmission line sustenance the development of SEA are summarized in table 2.3 circumvent 2.3 trinity lines of lineage load-bearing(a) the development of SEA original line of line of descentOn strategicThe strategic balance of SEA before linked to the famine of environmental type assessments of policies, plans and programmes (PPPs). cooperate line of assembly lineOn procedures, methods and toolsThe inclose of SEAs methodological belongings in repartee to perceived limitations in EIA practice, and the growing accent on process versus proficiency troika line of courseOn purposeThe purpose of SEA and the increase reference to the division to sustainabledevelopment(Source -Bina Olivia, 2007)The main factors influencing the early development of these lines of railway line, and their evolution over the last 15 years are highlighted in on a lower floor Fig. 2.4 embod iment 2.4 changing pattern of SEA showtime line of line of businessThe first line of strain has been a conclusive determine in slow down the evolution of SEA in reaction to identify problems with EIA, by claiming that its strategic proportion was the result of the strategic reputation of the planning decisions it was assessing, and by oversimplifying the nature of PPPs and of tiering. This has meant that the development of the strategic holding of SEA, in terms of its role, procedures, methods and tools, was slow up until the late mid-nineties. mo line of demarcation siemens line of argumentation initially focused on technical and procedural problems (symptoms)related to EIA practice. It was not until the late 1990s that the SEA association began to addressthe caus