Leadership Essay

Business Essentials LEADERSHIP PAPER 1. Reflect from your own personal experiences concerning leadership. 2. Use Microsoft Word and type a one-page essay about your experiences regarding leadership. 3. Use the following formatting for your essay: a. Font size – 12 b. Font size – Calibri c. Normal 1† margins. d. Double-spaced 4. For the first part of this essay, discuss someone that you have worked with/under (a teacher, a manager on a job, a coach, a pastor, etc. ) that you consider to be a bad leader. DO NOT NAME THIS PERSON. What exactly made this person a bad leader? Discuss why their leadership style did not inspire you – what exactly did they do to deteriorate your drive to work hard. Be specific and provide examples. Discuss how they could have changed their leadership style to get more out of you personally. Despite their poor leadership, name one way in which you benefited from working with this person. 5. For the second part of this paper, discuss someone that you have worked with/under that you consider to be a great leader. You may name this person if you choose. What types of characteristics made this person a good leader? What exactly did they do to inspire you to do a good job. Discuss how their leadership style motivated you. Be specific and provide examples. How did you benefit from working with this person? 6. For the last part of this paper, identify the top three personality traits you feel a manager should have and explain why these traits are so important. 7. Save with a password to your W:drive folder as LEADERSHIP ESSAY. Leadership Essay Business Essentials LEADERSHIP PAPER 1. Reflect from your own personal experiences concerning leadership. 2. Use Microsoft Word and type a one-page essay about your experiences regarding leadership. 3. Use the following formatting for your essay: a. Font size – 12 b. Font size – Calibri c. Normal 1† margins. d. Double-spaced 4. For the first part of this essay, discuss someone that you have worked with/under (a teacher, a manager on a job, a coach, a pastor, etc. ) that you consider to be a bad leader. DO NOT NAME THIS PERSON. What exactly made this person a bad leader? Discuss why their leadership style did not inspire you – what exactly did they do to deteriorate your drive to work hard. Be specific and provide examples. Discuss how they could have changed their leadership style to get more out of you personally. Despite their poor leadership, name one way in which you benefited from working with this person. 5. For the second part of this paper, discuss someone that you have worked with/under that you consider to be a great leader. You may name this person if you choose. What types of characteristics made this person a good leader? What exactly did they do to inspire you to do a good job. Discuss how their leadership style motivated you. Be specific and provide examples. How did you benefit from working with this person? 6. For the last part of this paper, identify the top three personality traits you feel a manager should have and explain why these traits are so important. 7. Save with a password to your W:drive folder as LEADERSHIP ESSAY. ï » ¿Leadership Essay A leader is a person who is able to take charge of a situation in a responsible and organized manner to get something done. In order to be a leader one must have people to follow and support them in that ranking position. Henry Miller said â€Å"The real leader has no need to lead—he is content to point the way. † Leaders can be born or made. Many people try very hard to be â€Å"in charge† and to become a leader that people will follow and listen to. While others have a natural qualities of a leader. One could be in a classroom and observe the students and pick out the leaders from the followers.Parents can pick out future leaders sitting on a park bench at a playground. Good leaders have many different and common qualities depending on the type of leader needed for the situation. There are more qualities needed to be an effective leader other than being organized, honest, and responsible. Granted those are important aspects they are not the only aspects. Effect ive leaders must be respectful to the people following and looking up to him/her. Respect goes both ways, if the leader does not give it, then he will not be getting it either, therefore that leader most likely will not be the leader of much of anything.An effective leader must be able to show appreciation to the people getting his job done. Also a leader needs to be able to follow through on the commitments he makes by actually doing what they say they will do. Effective leadership is when a leader is chosen, nominated, or somehow put to power and in a high ranking position is actually able to get something effective done for the common wealth while have higher decision power than the people following him/her. Now, there are different types of leaders for different situations.For example one would not need the same type of leader to run a government as to run a book club. There are different types of leaders for different types of situations called situational leaders. The four mai n types are the telling, selling, participating, and delegating leaders. A telling leader literally tells each person in his group how to go through a job. A telling leader doesn’t care so much about feelings or the relationships within the group. The selling leader is the type of leader who needs to persuade everyone into getting things done or for thing to go in his or her direction.The participating leader is a leader such as the U. S president because this type of leader listens to what his/her followers say as the president listens to the other branches of government to make decisions. Lastly the delegating leaders does not lead to much of anything because he trusts his group or followers to be responsible enough to handle duties. Leadership is developed in only a couple of ways. Now there has always been a continuous argument about if a leader is actually born or made.A lot of people believe only a leader can be born, while other believe a leader has to be taught to lea d. But in reality, one is either born a leader or taught to be a leader. Leadership can be developed as a child while being raised. For example, a child that has a lot of younger siblings is a born leader because he or she has been leading around those sibling for a long time. Also if I child is born into a military home many of those children are natural leaders just because of where they were raised. Though not everyone is born a leader, leadership can still be taught.Therefor leaders can be made. For example, a shy teenager goes into the military. The military will make him into a drill sergeant or company commander. A leader was just made by the military. Another example of a leader being made is people go to law school and graduate leaders every year. You cannot be a lawyer if you were to shy away from a case. No, a lawyer must lead his client through though trials and arraignments through a winning case. Both military people and lawyers of all sorts go to school and learn how to be leaders as well as earn spots to a higher leading position.

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay

Current economic conditions in the U. S an all around the world are rising to alarming situations, with the dilemma being common that whether its inflation or recession, which is hampering the economy badly. The liquidity issues are affecting the U. S economy badly, the money supply is shrinking although the Federal Reserve is pursuing an accommodative monetary policy, but due to its lesser control and the dynamism of the U. S economy, this policy seems to have a very low effect on the liquidity situation in the overall economy. After a rise in the money supply for few months the money supply has been contracting since then, the M2 component of the money supply, which consists of cash, consumer deposits and checking has been shrinking. While M3 which consists of the above, plus the large time deposits and other items is also changing its direction towards a lower end. The figure depicts the trends of the money supply and how it has dipped gradually. Figure 1: Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth Source: Shadow Government Statistics, 2009 This condition can result into the weakening of economic activity and pulling out money from stocks. Recently the downfall in the consumer spending and the lowering of the stock prices is the sign of scorched liquidity in the economy (Kellner, 2003). In this current situation of economic dilemma, the current economic conditions demands active measures from the new president and the U. S congress to overcome the hazards created by the weakening economy. Government should try to push more liquidity into the market; the FED should try to increase the money supply through lowering the interest rate, pushing more money into the economy by funding the companies and the corporations that can create more stability in the economy. The government should try to create more jobs into the economy by pushing their spending this will surely create more consumers spending and thus providing a ground to combat recession in the economy. These economic measures are the need of the time and they will certainly have their effects on the economy. Thus, by acting proactively on these strategies the government can easily face all the difficult circumstances. References Kellner, I. (2003, November). Where has all the money gone? Retrieved Feburary 10, 2009, from Market Watch : http://www. marketwatch. com/News/Story/Story. aspx? guid=%7BF1B1B20B-EBDE-435F-8349-A19E26DBB945%7D&siteid=mktw&dist=nwhpm Figures Figure 1: Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth Shadow Government Statistics. (2009). Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth. Retrieved Feburary 10, 2009 from http://www. shadowstats. com/charts_republish#m3

Dualizm in V for Vendeta Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dualizm in V for Vendeta - Research Paper Example Further, the conflicting reaction about the movie seeks to expose the aspect of dualism in the movie v for vendetta. This paper seeks to evaluate the existence of dualism and the supporting dispositional reactions from the various standpoints the people exhibit after watching the movie v for vendetta. Moreover, the paper will employ the various elements of dualism to expose the underlying myths and archetypes prevailing in the movie v for vendetta. The movie v for vendetta is viewed by many of the audience as exhibiting dystopia. In literal sense, the movie v for vendetta, falling democracy focused fictional reality, is staged in a future (the year 2048) that presents the world as we know it but with significant and terrible changes (Nash 1). The movie exposes powerful and evil men who use their authority to oppress the civilians as we see when V rescues Evey from the wrath of this forced totalitarian leadership. In the movie, we see secret government officials who subject the citize ns to a complicated style of life thereby depriving them of their basic human rights as is the object of democracy. The secret government officials keenly watch every action of people like Evey and this is what V seeks to avert. The impression of an all ruling government which the people of England seem to have allowed is to blame, according to V, for the political and economic conditions prevailing as in the movie. We see this practiced in the move where the totalitarian government watches the action of specified citizens, monitor and store such information, which they later utilize to incriminate innocent people as in the case of Evey (Ebert 1). While watching the movie v for vendetta, one would easily single out the prominent use of the myths to expose the extremity of the focused themes and lead thoughts in the director’s mind to expose the declining democracy and the power of a changed will to rally the people behind ensuring the change from totalitarian leadership prosp ects to democracy focused management leadership (Jolin 2). Myth is a fundamental tool that science-oriented fiction writers utilize to emphasize certain components of their futuristic analogies (Nash, 3). In V for Vendetta for instance, we see significant myths when V seeks to rescue Evey from the hands of the totalitarian leaders, thereby referred to as finger men. The fact that V punched and eventually killed a member of the finger men leadership from a single hit using the butt of his knife is a myth aimed at underlying the power that democracy has in influencing and disengaging totalitarian leadership. Further, the indication that V’s punch sent the finger man flying over five feet is evidently a myth. In the same scene we see the finger man punching V and the mask failing to show any damage. This indicates that V is primarily stronger than every ordinary man, which seeks to expose the theme of democracy-focused leadership in overpowering the unruly totalitarian leadershi p. Additionally, the overruling association of the stage timing and the specific movie dates to both the political instability between specific countries and the terrorist attacks of the September 11 is a significant myth that cannot fail the attention of any analysis of the movie v for vendetta. The role that V plays in the movie is clearly an archetype of the terror events of the well remembered 9/11 attacks that shook the world over. In this regard, there has been a predominant linkage by many of the audience of v for vendetta between the movie and the expected

To what extent has China become a responsible stakeholder in the Essay

To what extent has China become a responsible stakeholder in the international politics of the Asia-Pacific region - Essay Example This paper shall discuss the fact that China has extensively become a responsible stakeholder in the Asia-Pacific region. The first part of this paper shall clarify the origins of the responsible stakeholder concept. Such conceptualization shall then be followed with discussions from various authors who will help determine the extent to which China has become a responsible stakeholder in the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, a discussion on China as a responsible stakeholder in terms of how it has managed to sustain the political, economic, and security systems that provide common benefits for the nations in the Asia-Pacific region shall be discussed. The ‘responsible stakeholder’ concept was initially coined by US Deputy State Secretary Robert Zoellick; he conceptualized this term very much in relation to Central Asia—more particularly, China. According to Zoellick, responsibility as a stakeholder exists when â€Å"major power invested in the international system has a compelling interest in seeing its investment protected and the rules of the international system defended against those likely to violate them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Zoellick, as quoted by Rumer, et.al., 2007, p. 70). Responsibility as stakeholders, in this instance, involves international cooperation and the protection of common interests. Being a responsible stakeholder also implies a stakeholder’s (in this instance, China) capacity to sustain the existing political, security and economic systems in the region (Asia-Pacific region). The extent to which China has become a responsible stakeholder in the Asia-Pacific region is one of the most crucial questions in international politics. In his paper, Gries (2005) points out that China’s communist/socialist political system has somehow allowed it to modify its demeanor in the past several years. â€Å"More and more Chinese are claiming a nationalist

Benchmark Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benchmark Assessment - Essay Example She has not expressed any concerns with these issues for this year. On the part of the teacher, this was negligence of duty since it should be her duty to supervise fully the work of all the students and not only a section of the class. Paulson may face interdiction as she ignored the rule of ethical behavior while on duty. She has completely ignored her duty of supervision and allowed the students to have access to pornographic photos that is completely acceptable both in the schools and even lawfully in the society. Though she knew it was difficult to manage and supervise the class, she did not express any concerns with these issues for this year meaning this was a total neglect of duty on her part. However, Ms. Paulson has a right to fair trial before the disciplinary committee since even the principal was aware of the difficult situation Paulson was passing through as he had dropped in on two separate occasions and observed her working with individual students while the rest of the class was left largely unsupervised Instructional leadership is a very important factor that the principals should consider facilitating, improve and even promote the academic performance of their students. As an instructional leader most principals have failed to evaluate and assess effectively most of the students at risk situations, they also fail to show focus on how to exhibit expectations or in displaying the instructional commands (Daniel, Sornette & Woehrmann, 2009). For the schools where the students at risk are making academic gains, principals do for the teachers what effective teachers do for their student and constantly monitor the progress of their teachers and their students. This litany of characteristics has been identified through most of the research on the school performance, improvements and even on the instructional leaders

Executive Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Executive Briefing - Essay Example Strategic planning is about what the organization does; whom it does it to; and how it excels. This paper seeks to analyze the importance of strategic planning to homeland security organizations. Strategic planning, in most organizations, is basically a process used to determine where the organization is headed to over a year or more. Strategic planning therefore includes the mastery of the organization’s mission, vision, strategies, and values (Ahrenfelt, 2006). Strategic planning is therefore important for homeland security organizations in that the process will enable them understand, where they are currently with their services, the people they are serving, where they want to be in the near future, and strategies and courses of action they need to get to the destination of their choice. According to strategic planning, various approaches can be used to achieve components of strategic management. However, to homeland security organizations, it will be vital for them to appl y approaches such as: the Situation Target Proposal Approach, which evaluates the currently existing condition and how it resulted, defines objectives and goals of the organization, and maps the most probable path or route to achieving those objectives and goals; and the Draw See Think Plan Approach, which defines the desired end state or the ideal organization’s image, defines the situation today and determines the existing gap from the idea and the reason for that gap, determine the specific courses of action that must be undertaken in order to seal the gap existing between the ideal state and the current condition, and plans the required resources that will facilitate the execution of strategy activities (Donald, 2004). These approaches describe strategic planning importance to homeland security organizations. Through strategic planning, the homeland security organization is able to train its employees and take positive steps towards establishing a department wide approach which is effective in executing its duties. Strategic planning is important to homeland security organizations, because it helps the department to address the challenge of cultural change and transformation, and aid it ensuring that the workforce possesses the skills and knowledge that is required to respond effectively to both the current and future threats to the organization. Some of the actions already taken by the homeland security organization because of the importance of strategic planning include; issuing the strategic plan for training, establishing training groups and councils in order to increase communication across the components, and providing directly training for particular departmental need (Fridson, 2001). However, without effective strategic planning, homeland security organizations are likely to be impeded by several challenges. This is because without strategic planning, there would be lack of compatible or common information management systems as well as a tra ining terminology commonly understood, hence making sharing of information on training difficult (Donald, 2004). Lack of strategic planning will also lead to unclear relationships of accountability and authority between the components of organization and the office of the human capital. In the absence of strategic planning, planning by the homeland security organization will be insufficiently detailed in ensuring coordination and effective implementation of training efforts. Strategic planning is also important to the homeland secu

Oil Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oil - Coursework Example The second step of petroleum formation is known as the Catagenesis. In this step the kerogen formed in the first step is kerogen is exposed to increasing temperatures and pressures, and is broken down thermally to form hydrocarbons (petroleum) (White, 2006). It is important note that even though both petroleum and coal are fossil fuels and are nonrenewable, the raw materials and their formation processes are quite different (White, 2006). While petroleum is formed from algae and zooplanktons, coal is formed from higher terrestrial plants (these plants are rich in lignin and cellulose) (White, 2006). Petroleum is normally found within the reservoir. For a reservoir to hold recoverable oil it must be porous and permeable, while at the same the reservoir must have seal or trap to prevent the accumulated oil from escaping (White, 2006). During extraction a well is normally drilled through the reservoir. Oil the flows from the reservoir to the drilled well from where it flows to surface under the influence of natural underground pressure. When the pressure is so low that the oil cannot flow to surface or the oil so thick that it cannot flow, natural gas or hot water may be pumped into the well to enhance flow (White, 2006). Extraction of oil is normally associated with several cases of environmental degradation such as oil spills, and waste chemical run-offs oil producing companies among others (Moss, 2010). These cases of environmental degradation as a result of oil production have reported in Nigeria, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Columbia and Ecuador among others (Moss, 2010). For example, oil extraction companies have brought down trees in the rain forest of Ecuador (Moss, 2010). It is estimated that these trees are being brought down at a rate of about 340,000 hectares per year (Moss, 2010). Energy is mainly produced from petroleum through combustion. Oil may combusted to heat

Describe the culture (e.g., lifestyles, values, mores, and other Research Paper

Describe the culture (e.g., lifestyles, values, mores, and other characteristics) of at least two minority cultural populations living within your home state - Research Paper Example For the purpose of this paper, I have identified the Mexican and the Indians as the minority cultures living in my area. The reason for choosing these cultures is because they have managed to create a unique identity for themselves despite coming from one of the poorest countries of the world. Their cultures are rich and they often present a unique perspective of life through their customs and traditions. From an education point of view, I need to understand the background of these cultures in in order to interact with its people. For a successful bonding and communication, one needs to have an in-depth knowledge on the culture of the communicator. I will be discussing the educational aspirations, family life and beliefs of the two cultures that I have selected. I have focused on these three since I believe that as an educator, these are the most important aspect of every culture. My role as an educator demands that I should have knowledge on the educational aspirations of the cultures that I would possibly be teaching later on. Also family life deeply affects the academic life of a student and with each culture there is a difference in family life. Beliefs are important to study as most people are very possessive of their religions and as an educator I need to connect which requires me to understand the beliefs of each culture. The Chinese family life is quite unlike the typical family life of the western world. The Chinese respect and honor their families especially their elders. Chinese, like most Asian cultures, still give the maximum authority to the eldest male who is endowed with the highest respect and also the biggest responsibility of earning and looking after the family. While the nucleus family lives together in one household, the extended family is also treated with the respect and love. The Chinese family is complete with aunts, uncles, cousins etc. In

Defining theme of The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon Essay

Defining theme of The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon - Essay Example Thomas Pynchon gives the message that nature constantly moves life from order to disorder. It is worth noting, at this level, that Pynchon publishes the book following his full knowledge of history, pop culture, and paranoia whose identity cannot be easily recognized or combined. Entropy creates a patterned system that is tight and whose progression is unavoidable. The pattern also appears chaotic in nature. Pynchon’s theme of entropy focuses on America’s movement of culture to modernism. This movement seems unstoppable because culture is not static and is representative of trends in societies other than America. Analysis Pynchon centers on entropy from the start of the novel. His introduction to the learner contains this information. Pynchon shows his dissatisfaction in the introduction by explaining that his works seem to be out of various abuses on paper. The abuse to him is overwriting. Analysis of this assertion leads to the conclusion that Thomas Pynchon deliberat ely the dislike as a stylistic device. He claims in his personal critique that writers, in most cases, develop themes for characters. In his effort to introduce entropy, Pynchon avers that characters should generate themes in the novels through their personalities. He arranges his work to flow in a way that gives rise to entropy as the main idea put across. ... Oedipa does this continuously while refining them. This is a comparison to Pynchon’s assertion that characters in novels should generate themes and the other way round (Pynchon, 1965, 51). Just as Oedipa attempts to refine the stories after testing them, the author changes literary renditions in the best way. Furthermore, Oedipa creates a mystery to the reader by finding substantial leeways through coincidence but under very odd circumstances. The mystery involves either comprehending whether life is very amorphous that actions only occur through coincidence and affect people’s live greatly or if it is so void that characters such as Oedipa begin to imagine what they can do because of availability of unlimited information. Oedipa’s quest brings out the theme of entropy. The author combines ideas from other disciplines of studies such as physics and sociology to invoke the concepts of entropy. In addition to the two disciplines, he uses philosophical phenomena to underscore the main concept. The author creates a closed world that is an equivalent of physics’ closed system where particles move in a disorderly way. People and information in Pynchon’s world move in the same way towards entropy. In the continuation of his metaphor, Oedipa moves to correct the disorder from the ugly situations in the closed system. Considering the fact that she develops a closed world, it is difficult to understand whether Oedipa will succeed in her efforts or it is a process in futility. If she succeeds, then she will put truths in a world full of controversies. However, if she fails, she will have faced the normal actions of the world where it

Archaeology Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Archaeology Topic - Assignment Example Developing material culture and brand concepts of culture that are inseparable from the communities is essential. Culture heritage belongs to people, therefore ensuring cultural heritage is a necessity at all cost (Fiol 191). Heritage duration is important to the local people. Duration is long-term preservation of heritage assets and provision of their access in different forms. The fragile heritage assets need to be preserved in an environment that protects them. Large museums offer such conservators for the fragile assets. Museums give culture heritage long life through preserving artifacts or through recreating a historical place that can be experienced by people. There are different forms of protecting buildings and structures that hold cultural heritage. Heritage management for buildings requires continued use of the building. Intangible cultural heritage also needs to be managed through being re-interpreted by people of the specific cultural regions. Management of intangible cultural heritage is not easy but it is still manageable. Cultural resources are all very important and they need constant maintenance (Fiol

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Example for Free

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay The stories of Sherlock Holmes are typical of the detective genre and the characters remain popular; they are also useful social, historical documents. Explain why you think this is so, referring to 3 of the stories you have read. Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19 and early 20 centuries, who first appeared in newspaper in 1887. Hes created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes is famous for his intelligent study to solve difficult crime cases. He is one of the best known and most generally recognizable characters in detective genre. Conan Doyle wrote 56 short stories that featured Holmes, that are narrated by Holmes friend and biographer, Dr John Watson. Most of the stories first appeared in the magazine called Strand. The three stories that I read are The Red-headed League, The Speckle band and The final Problem. A brief outline of the first story, The Red-headed League Is about VS planning to rob the bank and Its not long when holmes and JW investigate and catch VS in the act. The Speckled Band is about a stepfather, Dr Roylott, who wants to have his step daughters inheritance. He finds out she is going to wed, but if she does, this mean he will get less money. He therefore decides to kill her and does this with a speckled band, a breed of snake. In The Final Problem, we meet Professor Moriarty who is Holmes old enemy, he is a criminal genius. Sherlock Holmes, Dr Watson and P. Moriarty travel to Switzerland, and there Holmes gets pushed off a cliff and dies. The crime always takes place in a rich and middle class areas. They often use strange and curious settings in the crime places, strange objects at that time used to excite people. All the stories open in the same way, with Dr Watson telling us the story from the beginning. We only get to Dr Watsons view, because its Watsons voice that narrates the stories. The two main characters are Dr Watson and Sherlock Holmes. Dr Watson is inspired by Holmes. Watson tries to solve the crime in the Red-Headed league, He Trys to figure out Jabez Wilsons personality. In The Empty house he had to solve the crime because Holmes wasnt there because he had died in the previous story. In the majority of the stories he is portrayed as a person who shows a great passion for crime along with Holmes. Holmes Watson work together as a good team because Watson is inspired by what Holmes does, thats why Watson always describes Holmes as a very nice an intelligent person, and Holmes likes Watson because he writes everything down. Although, intellectually he can not compete and always seems to become second best; Holmes, I cried, I seem to see dimly what you are hinting At. We are only just in time to prevent some subtle and horrible Crime. (The adventure of the speckled band) The two also differ in other ways for example, although Holmes is intellectually gifted he lacks the contacts of friends, this shows him as a loner.

Defects of Consent Essay Example for Free

Defects of Consent Essay A defect of consent is a situation where a party’s declaration does not reflect his actual intent. This difference between declaration and intent may be caused by other parties,in order to make someone to form a contract with themselves. Fraud and Duress are this kind of defects. Roughly,fraud is deceiving someone by hiding certain facts or giving them a wrong impression/information in order to make them form a contract and duress is scaring or threatening someone to make them form a contract. If there is a difference between declaration and intent,which unintentionally resulted from the declarant,we can say there is an error. In some cases,both parties are mistaken about contract. Such defects are called â€Å"Collective Error†. In these situations,contract is formed by parties’ true intent,not according to their false statements. Error In the TCO article 30,the law states that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † Interpreting this article,we can deduce that essentiality is a key concept,since unessential errors will not affect validity of the contract. Some aspects of essential error are specified in TCO,but law does not limit cases of essential error with those articles. Unwritten states of essential error are determined by the rules of good faith. Error may occur in several ways: Error in declaration In the TCO article 31 the law sets forth: An error is deemed particularly essential in the following cases 1-Where a party intended to conclude a contract different from that to which he consented. A wants to sell 100 kilos of olive oil to B,but during the formation of the contract, A inadvertently states that he wants to buy 100 kilos of olive oil and B agrees the offer. -Where a party has concluded a contract relating to a subject matter other than the subject matter he intended. A wants to buy E branded good,but during the formation of the contract he states he wants to buy F branded good by mistake and is not aware of it. 3-Where a party declared his intent to conclude the contract other than the whom he intended to. A wants to send an offer via mail to B,but he writes a different adress and mail goes to C. C accepts the offer. 4-Where a party took a specific person into consideration as the other party in entering a contract but declared his intent to another. A is a nanny who wants to raise B’s child C,but during the formation of the contract she stated the name of B’s mentally deficient child D. A is mistaken about someone’s identity,not someone’s qualifications. Otherwise it would be error in motive,which shouldn’t be confused. 5- Where a party has promised to make a significantly greater performance or has accepted a promise of a significantly lesser consideration than he actually intended. Error in calculation of a simple nature do not affect the validity of the contract;but they should be corrected. A good should have 10. 000 dollars written on its label but accidently 1000 dollars is writtenon label. A buys the good for 1000 dollars. Error of Agents The law states in TCO article 33 that â€Å"Where an offer to enter into a contract has been incorrectly communicated by a Messenger,translator or other agents or by any means,the provisions governing error are applicable†. Error of agents are counted as error in declaration. Mistranslation,misinforming,changes in the text during telegraphing†¦ are examples of such errors. Error by Considering a Demeanour as Consent When a party’s action is considered as an offer or acceptance by another party,and the other party is right to consider this as such and forms the contract,contract will be valid. However mistaken party can put forward that he is mistaken and benefit from the provision of error in declaration. Texts signed without reading If a party signs a text without reading ,and is right to think that the text suits his intent,outcome is determined by the other party’s knowledge about this intent. If the other party knows or has to know that text does not suit signer’s intent,contract will not have been formed and thus there will not be any need for provisions of error. On the other hand,if the other party does not know or have to know the signer’s intent,contract will be formed,but signing party by proving that the error is essential,can benefit from provisions of error in declaration. Signature in Blank One of the parties agree to sign in blank first,then allow other party to constitute the contract. If this contract formed later on has contents which do not suit signing party’s actual intent,he can benefit from provisions of error. Error in Motive Error in motive is caused by an error in the formation of intent. On principle,error in motive is not essential. If there are conditions prescribed by the law,there is an essential error in motive. In TCO article 32,the law sets forth that â€Å"Error in motive is not deemed as essential unless the mistaken party deems the motive as necessary basis for the contract and it is valid regarding the business affairs in good faith. Yet this rule is not applicable unless the other party is aware of this motive† According to this article,error in motive is essential if the party deems this motive as necessary basis for the contact. This means the party is mistaken about a subject or qualifications of someone which affected his decision to form the contract. Error in material qualification,error in fact,error in legal status are examples of such mistakes. A wants to buy sculpor B’s statue but in fact the statue is a replica. In this situation there is error in material qualification. A thinks he is assigned to a job in another city,so he rents a house in that city. He made an error in fact. A purchases a land to build a house,but does not know construction is forbidden on this site. He is mistaken about land’s legal status. Also if other party is or has to be aware of the motive,error is deemed as essential. This should be determined in the present case. Avoidability In TCO art. 30 the law stipulates that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † However this is limited by TCO art. 39. The contract will be valid if the mistaken party does not abolish the contract in a year,beginning from the moment he realises his error. Good Faith Rules in Error Right to avoid is also limited by the law. The law states in TCO art. 34 that â€Å"A person may not advance error in a manner in violation of good faith. In particular, the contract is considered to be concluded in a way that the party acting in error intended, in case the other party declares his consent to be bound by that contract. † Violation of good faith mentioned in the first subsection may be like this: A person learns that he made an essential error about a contract which he concluded years ago. He wants to use his right to avoid just to damage other party. In that case he will not be able to benefit from provisions of error since it is a violation of good faith. Second subsection of this provision is particularly important. I wish to give a case in this point,in order to better explain it: A wants to buy a kilo of fruit for 2 Liras,but he is mistaken and accepts B’s offer to buy a kilo for 3 Liras. Then A states his mistake to B,B immediately says he is ready to sell it for 2 Liras. In this situation A cannot put forward that he wants to nullify the contract,since he made an essential error. The contract is formed. Error by Negligence According to TCO art. 35 â€Å"A party acting in error is liable for any loss arising from the nullity of the agreement where the error is attributable to his own negligence. However, there is no compensation if the other party knew or should have known of the error. In the interests of equity, the Court may, not exceeding the benefit of standart performance, award further damages to the injured party. † The first subsection is about responsibility of parties’ actions before the formation of the contract (culpa in contrahendo). Even a slightest negligence in error results in culpa in contrahendo,and in such situations damages will be compensated. According to the second sentence of this subsection,there will not be any compensations if the other party knew or should have known of the error. But this provision is not applicable to error of declaration,since if the other party knew or should have known the error in declaration,contract is formed according to the declarant’s real intent. Yet if a party knows or has to know other party made an error in motive,mistaken party will not have to compensate any damages even if he abolishes the contract. Amount of the damage that will be compensated,is the damage that would not exist if the contract would not be formed. This kind of damage is â€Å"negative damage†. Benefit of the standart performance is named as â€Å"positive damage†. According to the second subsection,judge may decide further damages. This â€Å"further damage† is compensation of positive damage. Amount of positive damage that must be compensated may be some of the positive damage or all of the positive damage,determined by equity,but cannot exceed positive damage.

The Effects of Tax Avoidance

The Effects of Tax Avoidance Summary Tax avoidance has been a major menace in many governments worldwide. Therefore, this article will focus on tax avoidance by multinationals and the tax loopholes that motivate this unfair practice among nations. Companies such as Starbucks, HSBC, Google, Barclays bank and Amazon have been accused on more than one occasion of corporate tax avoidance. How do they go about this and get away with it? Do governments favor big corporations at the expense of domestic small and mid-level companies? At the end of this article, it will be clear and evident that indeed tax avoidance is morally wrong unless monitored under stringent government rules and regulations. In essence, this article focuses on the extent to which tax avoidance limits government expenditure (thus government spending) and the extent to which this problem affects the economy and society as a whole. The Moral violation of Tax Avoidance in a nutshell In these hard economic times of recessions and escalating unemployment in Europe and America, governments are implementing budget cuts in an effort to cope with national debts and the aftereffects of this global economic pandemic as a whole. Inflation reports have become the business norm of major mainstream media houses like CNN and BBC. It has become almost impossible to hear of a rise in employment levels or deflation in prices. What this means in essence is that as governments implement budget cuts, they also result to internal borrowing measures such as increasing taxes on goods and services in their respective local markets. At the end of the day, the ordinary hard-working citizen is left to grapple with how to balance an increasingly insufficient paycheck with ever-increasing prices of goods and services. It is because of this reason that tax avoidance shifts the tax burden from the evasive and tricky corporation to the honest middle and low income earning citizen. This is clearly a sign of tax bias practiced in broad daylight. The sad bit about this is that many governments don’t have stringent measures to punish such big ‘untouchables’. Is it that someone within is pulling the strings to ensure that justice isn’t upheld? Are these mysterious government entities ‘sufficiently compensated’ by tax avoiding multi-national corporations for a ‘job well done’? Because the interesting bit about tax avoidance is that it doesn’t amount to tax evasion. For instance, in 2011, the Google firm in the UK had amassed a whooping 395 million pound turnover. But as it turns out, the United Kingdom treasury only received 6 million pounds; an astoundingly tiny fraction of the profits. Similarly, Amazon had sales of 3.35 billion in the same year but contributed a mere 1.8 million pounds to the British Treasury . As absurd as these two randomly picked incidences sound, what these companies did was legal. Essentially, no laws were broken despite the moral absurdity of such obvious, draconian and potentially ‘tax evasive’ actions. Why aren’t there any laws to address such malice? Does it mean that someone is not doing his job and is being paid by these multinationals to keep quiet? Because at the end of the day, money is power thus more money translates to more power; to control, to manipulate, and eventually, to destroy economies and thus the society as a whole. The problem with tax avoiding firms is that their global market presence translates to humongous profits. This of course means too much money and thus too much power. And unfortunately, their power exceeds that of many government officials who are more than willing to do their devious bidding for that ‘extra pound’. Just taxation practice is based on the tenets of fairness and equality across the board not just within the circle of multinationals, but also within economies as a whole. The entire population has got to be convinced that the burden of tax is evenly spread across varying income levels and corporate profits. Tax avoidance by ‘the elite’ however brings about unnecessary tension due to economy class favoritism that’s making someone bear more unjust burden than he ought to. When the citizenry sees such tax injustices, then it’s bound to demand for the law to curb such dubiously lawful menaces. Facts supporting the moral absurdity of tax avoidance and how some countries are curbing the menace Tax avoidance potentially amounts to financial impunity. Incorporated tax laws with gaping holes and obvious loose ends are the biggest aids of tax avoiding multinationals (Samuel, 2005). In essence, firms are subject to business taxes whereas individual income earners are subject to personal taxes. For firms to practice tax avoidance in business taxes, they usually relocate their branches to offshore tax havens thus registering as alien business entities offshore. This makes firms avoid generating income onshore more and more with every alien business subsidiary that they register offshore. Thus, American based Google and Amazon avoid paying taxes in the UK by being classified and registered as non-resident business entities. This entitles them to avoid being taxed not only as resident businesses, but also as resident alien businesses. This is despite the fact that they enjoy all government rights and services similar to resident businesses in the host offshore havens. This in turn makes them pay less taxes to the American tax collector, also known as the IRS. FTSE 100 firms and Banks based in the UK are also key culprits in this menace, with 38% of their subsidiaries located in tax havens. High street banks such as The HSBC, Barclays bank, Lloyds and IBS have a combined total of 1,649 companies (Action Aid). A unanimous FTSE company is claimed to have transferred pricing payments so as to enable a whopping 100 million pound shift from subsidiaries based in developing country into tax havens where a ridiculously lower tax rate is incurred. A lack of stringent regulations on transfer pricing leaves loopholes for tax avoidance as taxable profits move to tax havens without breaking any law. Luxemburg, Liechtenstein principality, Delaware State, Nauru and Cayman islands are in fact the leading offshore tax havens that are menacingly unregulated and house profits that extend to dealings in drugs and arms trade. While in host offshore havens, these multinationals are usually private and secretive in regards to their finances thus raising eyebrows in regards to the integrity of their financial reports. The ignorance, inability and inexperience of developing countries such as China, India and Brazil to deal with the tax avoidance menace further aggravates the situation (Phyllis, 2003). This also brings in the problem of the inability to measure precisely how much worth of tax avoidance has been practiced in these countries. Multinationals are actually taking advantage of this by rapidly expanding their offshore investments to the detriment of offshore haven governments which don’t benefit from such investments as they ought to. For instance, the budget deficit for the Chinese government amounted to 3% of its GDP. Also in Mexico, it’s estimated that a whooping 40% of its entire citizenry might be untaxed (Gori, 2001). This goes to show how the citizenry in itself can be its own worst enemy when it comes to combating tax avoidance within resident businesses (Das-Gupta 1995). India has also been a victim too considering the fact that tax revenue percentage of GDP dropped sharply from 9.8% in 1991 to 8.95% in 1999. Exploding liberalization in these developing countries has sparked massive inflow of foreign investments. In fact, when direct foreign investment recipients are considered by merit, Brazil, China and Mexico have been at the zenith of this list for the past ten years. European, American and Japanese multinationals have been the biggest contributors to this direct foreign investment inflow thus playing key role in the growth of these developing economies. Interestingly enough, the local businesses have not enjoyed the chunk of foreign trade since related multinational firms in these tax havens control a majority of foreign trade (Chan, 1998). They do this by exercising sophisticated profit shifting mechanisms via manipulation of prices to dodge stringent measures enforced upon foreign exchange hence significantly cutting down on uncertain socioeconomic outcomes. In essence, intermediaries and basic raw materials are over invoiced while at the same time exports are underpriced thus enabling record tax avoidances. The Chinese open-door economic reform has made it maintain its enviable position as the greatest absorber of foreign direct investment (FDI) among developing nations to date. For instance, according to the 2002 United Nations Economic report, China got 28% of all FDI flowing into developing nations in 2001. The year 2002 was particularly good for FDI enterprises in China as 409,000 foreign investment enterprises were approved with a net worth of 425 million USD. Consequently, foreign direct investments in China have been key to its economic growth. The evidence is quite clear when it’s considered that 52% of China’s imports and 50% of its exports can be attributed to foreign investment enterprises (FIEs) within the country. Yet strangely enough, a resounding majority of these foreign investment enterprises is reporting record losses despite expanding at an astronomical rate. This automatically entitles them to avoid taxes. Tax avoidance escalated sharply in 2000 with a record $1.22 billion worth of noncompliance being reported ( Ming, 2001). This sparked a sharp rise in tax related audits in 2001. Brazil on the other hand exercises some fairness in taxation by taxing local and alien enterprises similarly. In fact, tax rules and laws applied to limited liability companies and corporations alike are similar irrespective of whether the firm is resident or non-resident. This is because foreign enterprises prefer taking the forms of corporations and limited liability companies. But interesting to note is the fact that limited liability companies aren’t obliged to disclose their financial reports to the public. However, corporations possess the comparative advantage of raising capital through IPOs (Initial Public Offers) of the share capital. Brazil has however come under sharp criticism as having a sophisticated taxing mechanism that hinders its business competitiveness globally. Despite this obstacle, the country has proven to be less naà ¯ve when it comes to dealing with tax avoidance incidences by adopting the principle of ‘If you can’t beat them, then join them.’. This is because it has taken advantage of tax avoidance tendencies by FEIs by offering tax incentives for establishment in distinct underdeveloped regions. For instance, a 50% tax cut on income is offered by the Brazilian government to industrial and agricultural enterprises that establish themselves in the marginalized and less developed North East and Amazon regions. In addition, a firm that sparks development in industrial technology has the right to an incentive on technical services and a 50% tax credit discount on royalties. Expatriates who have achieved the status of Brazilian residents are also obligated to pay a progressive income tax on their worldwide paycheck up to a maximum of 27.5%. This is because taxation upon individuals is implemented on cash basis. A factor to consider is that expatriates are considered residents if they’ve domiciled in Brazil for more than a year. Brazil also tackles tax avoidance by taxing a 25% withholding tax on nonresidents living in tax havens compared to a 15% withholding tax on those who don’t. This is because nonresidents are entitled to royalties, dividends and interest. When it comes to transfer pricing, proper laws that are compatible with OECD have been enacted to ensure the proper determination of import and export prices. Conclusion The rationale behind payment of taxes is that we owe a duty to three entities; namely to the state, the community, and last but not least, to God. Therefore in as much as tax avoidance is morally unjustified and inexplicable, it is distinctively clear that governments worldwide should take the initiative to curb this menace. Better still, governments can take advantage of the situation and enact sound laws that create morally acceptable tax avoidance, such as tax incentives and tax breaks offered by the Brazilian government to develop marginalized areas and to spark innovative development. That way, an equitable tax basis is maintained and society is generally happy to share the burden of tax on the basis of a non-secretive, convincingly just and morally acceptable manner. Work Cited Jesse A. Schmitt Legal Off Shore Tax Havens: How to Take LEGAL Advantage of the IRS Code and Pay Less in Taxes Atlantic Publishing Company, 2008 Phyllis Lai Lan Mo Tax avoidance and Anti-avoidance Measures in Major Developing Economies Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. Alain Deneault Offshore: Tax Havens and the Rule of Global Crime New Press, Jan 24, 2012 Samuel Blankson Tax Avoidance a Practical Guide for UK Residents Lulu Press Incorporated, 2005. Ronen Palan, Richard Murphy, Christian Chavagneux Tax Havens: How Globalization really Works Cornell University Press, Feb 1, 2013

Protein Synthesis Essay -- Protein Synthesis Biology DNA Essays

Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and the other is translation. Although these biological processes slightly differ for eukaryotes and prokaryotes, they are the basic mechanisms for which proteins are formed in all living organisms. There are four main levels of a protein, which make up its native conformation. The first level, primary structure, is just the basic order of all the amino acids. The amino acids are held together by strong peptide bonds. The next level of protein organization is the secondary structure. This is where the primary structure is repeated folded so that it takes up less space. There are two types of folding, the first of which is beta-pleated sheets, where the primary structure would resemble continuous spikes forming a horizontal strip. The seco...

The Importance of Dinosaur Discoveries Essay example -- Anthropology E

The Importance of Dinosaur Discoveries When a paleontologist makes a discovery about Dinosaurs it is usually a celebrated event and will appear on all sorts of covers of magazines and even newspapers, with good reason. These discoveries are often quite exciting for a few reasons. The whole experience of finding a fossil that is hundreds of millions of years old is quite an adrenaline rush, but the fact that each discovery has the ability to answer questions in relation to evolution is quite amazing. Each finding of Dinosaur remains can help answer questions of how that certain species evolved from another. If our species can fully understand how Dinosaurs evolved, maybe in the future we can learn something about our evolution. Without discoveries from the past how is our society supposed to persevere and learn from mistakes that may lead to our own extinction, and who to learn better from than perhaps the dinosaurs that have gone through many stages of evolution and have faced extinction. The finding that will be discussed is the discovery of a new type of long- necked Sauropod Dinosaur named Rapetosauras, in the country of Madagascar (National Science Foundation). It was found by two groups of scientists. One group was headed up by Dr. Catherine Forster of SUNY Stony Brook and the other was led by Dr. Curry Rogers of the Science Museum of Minnesota (National Science Foundation). The paleontologists in total found a skeleton that possessed a set of 80 to 90 vertebrate from the neck all the way down to the tail (National Geographic). The two teams also discovered two nearly complete skulls, one from a young Rapetosauras and another from an adult (National Geographic). The Rapetosauras is a type of Dinosaur called a Titano... ...4 (Primary Source) Hartman, Joseph, Krause, David, and Rogers Raymond. †Stratigraphic Analysis of Upper Cretaceous Rocks in the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagascsar: Implications for Ancient and Modern Faunas.† The Journal of Geology vol. 108 (2000) : 275. Parsell, D.L. â€Å"Skeleton of New Dinosaur â€Å"Titan† found in Madagascar on National Geographic.com.† 1 August 2001. National Geographic News. 4 April 2004 â€Å"Brachiosaurus† Enchanted Learning.com. 2004. 4 April 5 2004 â€Å"New Long-necked Dinosaur Discovered in Madagascar.† Office of Legislative and Public Affairs. 1 August 2001. National Science Foundation. 5 April 2004

Analysis of the Movie, Disclosure Essay -- Disclosure Movies Sex Films

Disclosure is a drama/thriller. The genre for this movie states, â€Å"Sex is Power†. Tom is a happily married man, a successful computer expert, and works for a major computer company â€Å"Digicom†, which is about to merge. He believes he is going to receive a promotion because of all his devotion and work for the company. Instead the job goes to Meredith, who is from another plant and with whom he was romantically involved in his bachelor days. She is now his new boss, who is very aggressive, sexy and dedicated to destroy him after he refuses to have an affair with her. She files sexual harassment under false pretenses, he charges her on the same charges however he is telling the truth. Once this is over with, Tom needs to solve a major production problem set up by Meredith. He gathers evidence against her not only proving she was the one that sexually harassed him but also she was the cause of the conspiracy in â€Å"Digicom†. Meredith is fired and Tom contin ues his work for the company. Meredith and Tom have entered a race to be in control at the firm. In general both of them have to have similar personality traits in order to have reached as high as they have in the company. There have been various events that are the deciding factors of who will make or break it; their specific personality characteristics will be the deciding point as to who will come out on top. Both Meredith and Tom show internal locus of control. Internal locus of control is believing that their own behavior and actions are the leading reasons for your life’s outcome (pg. 45). They believe in working hard to move up and if they cannot accomplish something it is because they are not trying hard enough. Tom starts to waver between internal and external locus of control through out the movie. When he was on the fairy to work he met a man that had been laid off and gave him a card and told him to call about job possibilities. On his way home he saw the man that had been looking for a job and Tom did not talk to him, it seemed that since he was passed up for a promotion and was not guaranteed his current position he felt he would be looking for a new job too. He did not feel he was in control of things since he worked so hard and was passed up. Another turn in his locus of control was in the sexual harassment case. As things get harder with the sexual harassment cas e and his files are taken... ...it has higher level of authority and the reaction it had on the whole entire structure of the organization. Management styles and specific personality traits can also play a role in leading to rise or fall of someone’s career. In the end good moral tactics paid off and the organization was placed in the hands of moral management. Works Cited Hellriegel Don, Slocum John W., & Woodman Richard W. Organizational Behavior. Ohio: South Western College P, 2001 Internet Movie Database Ltd. â€Å"Disclosure†. IMD 2000-2001 http://us.imdb.com/Title?0109635 Disclosure. Dir: Berry Levinson. Baltimore Pictures. Videocassette. Warner Bros. 1994 CAST: Michael Douglas: Tom Sanders Demi Moore: Meredith Johnson Donald Sutherland: Bob Garvin Caroline Goodall: Susan Hendler Roma Maffia: Catherine Alvarez Dylan Baker: Philip Blackburn Rosemary Forsyth: Stephanie Kaplan Dennis Miller (I): Mark Lewyn Suzie Plakson: Mary Anne Hunter Nicholas Sadler: Don Cherry Jacqueline Kim: Cindy Chang Joe Urla: John Conley Jr Michael Chieffo: Stephen Chase Joseph Attanasio: Furillo Faryn Einhorn: Eliza Sanders

I am malala

Independent Reading l. Cultural Connections Mall Housefly is the protagonist, narrator, and author of I Am Mall. She is born into a religious Pakistan family in Swat during a time of women oppression. Housefly makes a point to write about her happiness and freedom before Taliban took over. Her Pakistan heritage encourages many cultural traditions including dressing conservatively. Women are instructed to show respect by wearing bursas, which covered their face and body. The role of women is to cook and care for their families, â€Å"We'd [women] be expected to cook and serve our brothers and fathers.While boys and men could roam freely about town, my mother and I could not go out without a male relative to accompany us, even if it was a five-year-old boy! This was the tradition† (26). Mall is a smart girl who had correct morals and beliefs. Her two priorities are religion and education. Mall does not agree with Taliban laws, including the emphasis of education only available f or men. Mammal's father, too, believes that such a thing was wrong. Her father and the holy Quern support her to stick up for what she believed in.She speaks on behalf of the community and those ho were afraid to speak up, â€Å"The more interviews I gave, the stronger I felt and more support we received† (141). This courage leads her to win the Noble Peace Prize. Written in her perspective, Mall uses many of her own experiences throughout the novel. â€Å"She [Amoeba] always says, ‘l have four brothers, and if I do even the slightest thing wrong they can stop me from going to school† (77). Mall explains both the history of women oppression and her own personal experiences to depict the horrible conditions in Pakistan.II. Vocabulary in Context Charisma: compelling charm that can inspire devotion in others; â€Å"Even today people elk of Mr.. Bout as a man of great charisma† (20). This word attracted me because it is in 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It promotes Mr.. Bathtub's character. Chapatti: unleavened flattered made from flour and water; â€Å"My mother made our usual breakfast of sugary tea, chapattis, and fried egg† (118). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the food Mammal's culture ate on a normal day.Martyr: a person who is killed because of their religious beliefs; â€Å"Some of the girls refused, saying that their teachers had taught them that to become a martyr s a glorious thing† (66). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It encourages religion as the number one priority in their culture. Unexamined: Islamic soldiers; â€Å"The unexamined will find you wherever you go' (105). I chose this word because it is an Urdu term. It describes the threat to Mammal's father, telling him to shut down his school.Blasphemous: profound; â€Å"Muslims widely considered it blasphemous and it provoked so much outrage that it seemed people were talking of little el se† (27). I chose this word because it reminded me of ‘lurid' from 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It describes how angry Muslims were about the book published that was considered a parody of the Prophet's life. Burma: a long garment that covers everything from head to toe that Muslim women wear in public; â€Å"Wearing a Burma is like walking inside big fabric shuttlecock with only a grille to see through and on hot days it's like an oven† (37).This word attracted me because it was surrounded by similes. It describes the clothing women had to wear, supporting the idea that women do not have it easy. Aba: affectionate Urdu term meaning â€Å"father†; â€Å"Aba, I am confused. ‘ I told my father† (101). This word attracted me because ABA means father in Hebrew, too. This word describes how Mall was bilingual as sometimes she refers to her father in Urdu. Barbaric: exceedingly brutal; â€Å"If anything the Taliban became even more barbaricâ⠂¬  (86). This word attracted me because my brother used to use it frequently in his vocabulary.This word describes how cruel and powerful the Taliban became. Commiserated: express sympathy or pity; â€Å"When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father† (1). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the tragedy that it was to be a girl at the time. Autonomous: having self- government; â€Å"†¦ We went with the newly created Pakistan but stayed autonomous† (13). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it.It is used to describe the independence once Britain divided from India. Ill. Writers' reflection: Throughout the novel, despite all of her misfortunes, Mall manages to keep a strong and optimistic attitude. Even in the hospital while she was struggling to survive, Mall does not want to seek revenge on the people that hurt her, â€Å"I didn't even think a single bad tho ught about the man who shot me-?I had no thoughts of revenge-?I Just wanted to go back to Swat. I wanted to go home† (282). This quotation shows how Mall never had bad intentions.She believes that if one takes revenge for wrongdoings done to them, the fighting would go on and on, â€Å"There is no time limit† (39). Mammal's writing is consistent in that she effectively delivered personal and emotional stories. She uses figurative language including imagery and similes to create a picture in readers' minds to help them further understand her perspective, Our words were like the eucalyptus blossoms of spring tossed away on the wind† (142). This quotation explains how her voice was not heard right away.It took time and effort, and so will most things people speak up for. She teaches readers not to give up on what matters to them. She uses a metaphor to describe the relationship between her and her father . â€Å"†¦ L was his universe† (246). Together, the y worked to get their voices heard. The diction throughout the novel is mostly informal. However, towards the end when she wins the award and meets highly respected officials, her beech becomes more formal, â€Å"l will request you all, and I will request that if you can help us in our education, so please help us† (184).Overall, I enjoyed Houseboat's story. I think that she shared many important lessons. Reading the book in her perspective opened my eyes and made me grateful to have as much freedom as I do. It amazes me that I am the same age as Mall, for she has accomplished so much in her life. Mall Yugoslavia is an inspiration to me and an inspiration to all. I am malala Independent Reading l. Cultural Connections Mall Housefly is the protagonist, narrator, and author of I Am Mall. She is born into a religious Pakistan family in Swat during a time of women oppression. Housefly makes a point to write about her happiness and freedom before Taliban took over. Her Pakistan heritage encourages many cultural traditions including dressing conservatively. Women are instructed to show respect by wearing bursas, which covered their face and body. The role of women is to cook and care for their families, â€Å"We'd [women] be expected to cook and serve our brothers and fathers.While boys and men could roam freely about town, my mother and I could not go out without a male relative to accompany us, even if it was a five-year-old boy! This was the tradition† (26). Mall is a smart girl who had correct morals and beliefs. Her two priorities are religion and education. Mall does not agree with Taliban laws, including the emphasis of education only available f or men. Mammal's father, too, believes that such a thing was wrong. Her father and the holy Quern support her to stick up for what she believed in.She speaks on behalf of the community and those ho were afraid to speak up, â€Å"The more interviews I gave, the stronger I felt and more support we received† (141). This courage leads her to win the Noble Peace Prize. Written in her perspective, Mall uses many of her own experiences throughout the novel. â€Å"She [Amoeba] always says, ‘l have four brothers, and if I do even the slightest thing wrong they can stop me from going to school† (77). Mall explains both the history of women oppression and her own personal experiences to depict the horrible conditions in Pakistan.II. Vocabulary in Context Charisma: compelling charm that can inspire devotion in others; â€Å"Even today people elk of Mr.. Bout as a man of great charisma† (20). This word attracted me because it is in 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It promotes Mr.. Bathtub's character. Chapatti: unleavened flattered made from flour and water; â€Å"My mother made our usual breakfast of sugary tea, chapattis, and fried egg† (118). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the food Mammal's culture ate on a normal day.Martyr: a person who is killed because of their religious beliefs; â€Å"Some of the girls refused, saying that their teachers had taught them that to become a martyr s a glorious thing† (66). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It encourages religion as the number one priority in their culture. Unexamined: Islamic soldiers; â€Å"The unexamined will find you wherever you go' (105). I chose this word because it is an Urdu term. It describes the threat to Mammal's father, telling him to shut down his school.Blasphemous: profound; â€Å"Muslims widely considered it blasphemous and it provoked so much outrage that it seemed people were talking of little el se† (27). I chose this word because it reminded me of ‘lurid' from 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It describes how angry Muslims were about the book published that was considered a parody of the Prophet's life. Burma: a long garment that covers everything from head to toe that Muslim women wear in public; â€Å"Wearing a Burma is like walking inside big fabric shuttlecock with only a grille to see through and on hot days it's like an oven† (37).This word attracted me because it was surrounded by similes. It describes the clothing women had to wear, supporting the idea that women do not have it easy. Aba: affectionate Urdu term meaning â€Å"father†; â€Å"Aba, I am confused. ‘ I told my father† (101). This word attracted me because ABA means father in Hebrew, too. This word describes how Mall was bilingual as sometimes she refers to her father in Urdu. Barbaric: exceedingly brutal; â€Å"If anything the Taliban became even more barbaricâ⠂¬  (86). This word attracted me because my brother used to use it frequently in his vocabulary.This word describes how cruel and powerful the Taliban became. Commiserated: express sympathy or pity; â€Å"When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father† (1). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the tragedy that it was to be a girl at the time. Autonomous: having self- government; â€Å"†¦ We went with the newly created Pakistan but stayed autonomous† (13). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it.It is used to describe the independence once Britain divided from India. Ill. Writers' reflection: Throughout the novel, despite all of her misfortunes, Mall manages to keep a strong and optimistic attitude. Even in the hospital while she was struggling to survive, Mall does not want to seek revenge on the people that hurt her, â€Å"I didn't even think a single bad tho ught about the man who shot me-?I had no thoughts of revenge-?I Just wanted to go back to Swat. I wanted to go home† (282). This quotation shows how Mall never had bad intentions.She believes that if one takes revenge for wrongdoings done to them, the fighting would go on and on, â€Å"There is no time limit† (39). Mammal's writing is consistent in that she effectively delivered personal and emotional stories. She uses figurative language including imagery and similes to create a picture in readers' minds to help them further understand her perspective, Our words were like the eucalyptus blossoms of spring tossed away on the wind† (142). This quotation explains how her voice was not heard right away.It took time and effort, and so will most things people speak up for. She teaches readers not to give up on what matters to them. She uses a metaphor to describe the relationship between her and her father . â€Å"†¦ L was his universe† (246). Together, the y worked to get their voices heard. The diction throughout the novel is mostly informal. However, towards the end when she wins the award and meets highly respected officials, her beech becomes more formal, â€Å"l will request you all, and I will request that if you can help us in our education, so please help us† (184).Overall, I enjoyed Houseboat's story. I think that she shared many important lessons. Reading the book in her perspective opened my eyes and made me grateful to have as much freedom as I do. It amazes me that I am the same age as Mall, for she has accomplished so much in her life. Mall Yugoslavia is an inspiration to me and an inspiration to all.

Computational Efficiency of Polar

Lecture Notes on three-card monte Carlo Methods Fall Semester, 2005 Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, NYU Jonathan Goodman, emailprotected nyu. edu Chapter 2 Simple Sampling of Gaussians. created August 26, 2005 Generating univariate or variable Gaussian ergodic variables is unprejudiced and fast. There should be no eggshell ever to use approximate orders based, for example, on the Central limit theorem. 1 quoin Muller It would be nice to jerk off a banner beaten(prenominal) from a exemplar uniform by inverting the statistical dispersal do work, but there is no unappealing form polity for this dispersion 2 x unction N (x) = P (X x) = v1 ? e? x /2 dx . The case Muller system is a 2 brilliant trick to overcome this by producing devil separatist monetary popular expressions from two freelancer uniforms. It is based on the acquainted(predicate) trick for calculating ? 2 e? x I= /2 dx . This bathroomnot be mea undisputabled by integration the inde? nite respectable does not start an algebraic aspect in term of elementary functions (exponentials, logs, clear functions). However, ? 2 e? x I2 = ? /2 e? y dx 2 ? /2 ? 2 e? (x dy = +y 2 )/2 dxdy . The last built-in piece of tail be calculated use polar organises x = r cos(? ), y = r sin(? with ara element dxdy = rdrd? , so that 2? I2 = r = 0? e? r 2 /2 rdrd? = 2? r = 0? e? r 2 /2 rdr . ? =0 irrelevant the original x intact, this r integral is elementary. The substitution s = r2 /2 pull up stakess ds = rdr and ? e? s ds = 2? . I 2 = 2? s=0 The Box Muller algorithmic program is a probabilistic interpretation of this trick. If (X, Y ) is a pair of autarkical old-hat rulers, accordingly the probability immersion is a product 2 2 1 1 ? (x2 +y2 )/2 1 e . f (x, y ) = v e? x /2 v e? y /2 = 2? 2? 2? 1 Since this parsimoniousness is radially symmetric, it is natural to consider the polar coordinate ergodic variables (R, ? de? ned by 0 ? ? 2? and X = R cos(? ), and Y = R sin(? ). Clearly ? is uniformly distributed in the breakup 0, 2? and whitethorn be heard use ? = 2? U1 . Unlike the original distribution function N (x), there is a round-eyed expression for the R distribution function 2? r G(R) = P (R ? r) = r =0 ?=0 r 1 ? r 2 /2 e rdrd? = 2? e? r 2 /2 rdr . r =0 The kindred sort of variable r 2 /2 = s, r dr = ds (so that r = r when s = r2 /2) allows us to calculate r 2 /2 e? s dx = 1 ? e? r G(r) = 2 /2 . s=0 thereof, we whitethorn archetype R by solving the distribution function comparability1 G(R) = 1 ? e? R 2 /2 = 1 ?U2 , whose solution is R = ? 2 ln(U2 ). Alto puffher, the Box Muller method mothers independent tired uniform ergodic variables U1 and U2 and breaks independent standard recipes X and Y using the formulas ? = 2? U1 , R = ?2 ln(U2 ) , X = R cos(? ) , Y = R sin(? ) . (1) It whitethorn seem odd that X and Y in (13) are independent given that they use the same R and ?. Not altogether does our algebra shows that this is true, but we flush toilet test the independence countingally, and it bequeath be con? rmed. Part of this method was generating a menses at hit-or-miss on the unit of measurement roundab prohibited. We suggested doing this by choosing ? niformly in the interval 0, 2? and so taking the point on the circle to be (cos(? ), sin(? )). This has the viable draw indorse that the computer must evaluate the sine and cosine functions. Another way to do this2 is to choose a point uniformly in the 2 ? 2 square toes ? 1 ? x ? 1, 1 ? y ? 1 then rejecting it if it falls external the unit circle. The ? rst accepted point will be uniformly distributed in the unit disk x2 + y 2 ? 1, so its angle will be random and uniformly distributed. The ? nal measure is to get a point on the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1 by dividing by the continuance.The methods puddle equal accuracy (both are convey in exact arithmetic). What distinguishes them is computer performance (a topic talk ofed to a greater extent in a later lecture, hopefully). The rejection method, with an acceptance probability ? ? 4 78%, seems e? cient, but rejection tail assembly break the mastery pipeline and slow a computation by a factor of ten. Also, the square root subscribe toed to compute 1 Recall that 1 ? U2 is a standard uniform if U2 is. for example, in the dubious bear Numerical Recipies. 2 Suggested, 2 the length may not be accelerated to evaluate than sine and cosine.Moreover, the rejection method uses two uniforms while the ? method uses besides one. The method can be reversed to ferment another sampling problem, generating a random point on the unit spnere in Rn . If we dumb lay out n independent standard normals, then the vector X = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) has all angles equally n in all likelihood (because the probability density is f (x) = v1 ? exp(? (x2 + +x2 )/2), n 1 2 which is radially symmetric. because X/ X is uniformly distributed on the unit sphere, as desired. 1. 1 s eparate methods for univariate normals The Box Muller method is delightful and passably fast and is ? ne for casual omputations, but it may not be the best method for hard upshot users. M both software packages have inhering standard normal random topic generators, which (if they are every good) use like an expert optimized methods. There is very fast and consummate software on the web for presently inverting the normal distribution function N (x). This is particularly important for similar four-card monte Carlo, which substitutes equidistributed sequences for random sequences (see a later lecture). 2 Multivariate normals An n fragment multivariate normal, X , is characterized by its slopped = E X and its co sectionalization intercellular substance C = E (X ? )(X ? )t .We discuss the problem of generating such an X with rigorous null, since we achieve mean by tallying to a mean nonentity multivariate normal. The profound to generating such an X is the fact tha t if Y is an m component mean nought multivariate normal with covariance D and X = AY , then X is a mean zero multivariate normal with covariance t C = E X X t = E AY (AY ) = AE Y Y t At = ADAt . We know how to sample the n component multivariate normal with D = I , just recognise the components of Y to be independent univariate standard normals. The formula X = AY will produce the desired covariance ground substance if we ? nd A with AAt = C .A simple way to do this in practice is to use the Choleski buncombe from numerical bi running(a) algebra. This is a simple algorithm that produces a lower angular matrix, L, so that LLt = C . It works for any positive de? nite C . In visible applications it is common that one has not C but its inverse, H . This would happen, for example, if X had the Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution with kT = 1 (its easy to change this) and energy 1 X t HX , and probability 2 1 density Z exp(? 1 X t HX ). In large scale carnal problems it may be impracti2 cal to calculate and gillyflower the covariance matrix C = H ? though the Choleski factoring H = LLt is available. Note that3 H ? 1 = L? t L? 1 , so the choice 3 It is traditional to write L? t for the transpose of L? 1 , which too is the inverse of Lt . 3 A = L? t works. Computing X = L? t Y is the same as solving for X in the equation Y = Lt X , which is the process of back substitution in numerical linear algebra. In some applications one knows the eigenvectors of C (which also are the eigenvectors of H ), and the identical eigen take to bes. These (either the eigenvectors or the eigenvectors and eigen determine) some ms are called booster cable com2 ponents.Let qj be the eigenvectors, normalized to be orthonormal, and ? j the corresponding eigen apprises of C , so that 2 Cqj = ? j qj , t qj qk = ? jk . t Denote the qj component of X by Zj = qj X . This is a linear function of X and t therefore Gaussian with mean zero. Its variance (note Zj = Zj = X t qj ) is 2 t t t 2 E Zj = E Zj Zj = qj E XX t qj = qj Cqj = ? j . A similar advisement shows that Zj and Zk are uncorrelated and hence (as components of a multivariate normal) independent. Therefore, we can generate Yj as independent standard normals and sample the Zj using Zj = ? j Yj . (2) After that, we can get an X using Zj qj . X= (3) j =1 We restate this in matrix toll. Let Q be the orthogonal matrix whose columns are the orthonormal eigenvectors of C , and let ? 2 be the diagonal ma2 trix with ? j in the (j, j ) diagonal position. The eigenvalue/eigenvector relations are CQ = Q? 2 , Qt Q = I = QQt . (4) The multivariate normal vector Z = Qt X then has covariance matrix E ZZ t = E Qt XX t Q = Qt CQ = ? 2 . This says that the Zj , the components of Z , are 2 independent univariate normals with variances ? j . Therefore, we may sample Z by choosing its components by (14) and then reconstruct X by X = QZ , which s the same as (15). Alternatively, we can calculate, using (17) that t C = Q? 2 Qt = Q Qt = (Q? ) (Q? ) . Therefore A = Q? satis? es AAt = C and X = AY = Q? Y = QZ has covariance C if the components of Y are independent standard univariate normals or 2 the components of Z are independent univariate normals with variance ? j . 3 Brownian crusade examples We illustrate these ideas for diverse kids of Brownian motion. Let X (t) be a Brownian motion rails. Choose a ? nal m t and a time step ? t = T /n. The 4 ceremonial occasion times will be tj = j ? t and the utterances (or observation value) will be Xj = X (tj ).These observations may be assembled into a vector X = (X1 , . . . , Xn )t . We seek to generate sample observation vectors (or observation meanss). How we do this depends on the term conditions. The simplest case is standard Brownian motion. Specifying X (0) = 0 is a Dirichlet marge condition at t = 0. look nothing about X (T ) is a free (or Neumann) condition at t = T . The joint probability density for the observation vector, f (x) = f (x1 , . . . , xn ), is found by multiplying the conditional densities. abandoned Xk = X (tk ), the next observation Xk+1 = X (tk + ? ) is Gaussian with mean Xk and variance ? t, so its conditional density is v 2 1 e? (xk+1 ? Xk ) /2? t . 2? ?t engender these together and use X0 = 0 and you ? nd (with the convention x0 = 0) f (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 3. 1 1 2? ?t n/2 exp ?1 2 ? Deltat n? 1 (xk+1 ? xk )2 . (5) k=0 The random strait method The simplest and possibly best way to generate a sample observation path, X , comes from the derivation of (1). first gear generate X1 = X (? t) as a mean zero v univariate normal with mean zero and variance ? t, i. e. X1 = ? tY1 . Given X1 , X2 is a univariate normal with mean X1 and variance ? , so we may v take X2 = X1 + ? tY2 , and so on. This is the random crack method. If you just take to make standard Brownian motion paths, stop here. We push on for pedigogical purposes and to sire strategies that apply to other types of Brownian motion. We describe t he random walk method in terms of the matrices above, starting by identifying the matrices C and H . Examining (1) leads to ? 2 ? 1 0 ? ? ? 1 2 ? 1 0 ? ? .. .. .. . . . 1 ? 0 ? 1 ? H= ?. .. ?t ? . . 2 ? 1 ?. ? .. ? . ? 1 2 0 0 ? 1 ? 0 .? .? .? ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? ?1 ? 1 This is a tridiagonal matrix with pattern ? 1, 2, ? except at the bottom decline corner. One can calculate the covariances Cjk from the random walk delegation v Xk = ? t (Y1 + + Yk ) . 5 Since the Yj are independent, we have Ckk = var(Xk ) = ? t k var(Yj ) = tk , and, supposing j k , Cjk = E Xj Xk = ? tE ((Y1 + + Yj ) + (Yj +1 + + Yk )) (Y1 + + Yj ) = 2 ?tE (Y1 + + Yj ) = tj . These combine into the familiar formula Cjk = cov(X (tj ), X (tk )) = min(tj , tk ) . This is the same as saying that the ? 1 ?1 ? ?. ?. C = ? t ? . ? ? ? 1 matrix C is 1 2 2 2 . . . 3 . . . 2 3 ? 1 2? ? ? 3? .? .? .? .. . (6) The random walk method for generating X may be expresses as ? ? ? Y ? X1 1 1 0 01 ? ? ? ?1 1 0 0 ? ? . ? ?.? ?.? v? ? . ? ?.? 1 0 . . ? . .? ? . ? = ? t ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? ?. . .. ? ? ? ?. . . .. ? ? ? ? 11 1 1 Yn Xn Thus, X = AY with ? ? 1 0 01 ?1 1 0 0 ? ? ? v? .? .? . ?1 1 1 0 .? A = ? t ? ?. . ? .. .. ?. . ? . 11 1 1 (7) The lecturer should do the matrix multiplication to brand that indeed C = AAt for (6) and (7). Notice that H is a sparse matrix indicating soon range interactions while C is full indicating long range correlations.This is true of in great number of physical applications, though it is rare to have an explicit formula for C . 6 We also can calculate the Choleski factorization of H . The subscriber can convince herself or himself that the Choleski factor, L, is bidiagonal, with nonzeros only on or immediately infra the diagonal. However, the formulas are simpler if we reverse the order of the coordinates. Therefore we de? ne the coordinate reversed observation vector t X = (Xn , xn? 1 , . . . , Xn ) and whose covariance matrix is ? tn ? tn? 1 ? C=? . ?. . t1 tn? 1 tn? 1 t1 t1 .. . ? ? ? , ? t1 and energy matrix ? 1 ? 1 0 ? 0 .? .? .? ? ? ?. ? 0? ? ? ?1 ? 2 ? ? ? 1 2 ? 1 0 ? ? .. .. .. . . . 1 ? 0 ? 1 ? H= .. ?t ? . . ?. . 2 ? 1 ? ? .. ? . ? 1 2 0 0 ? 1 We seek the Choleski factorization H = LLt ? l1 0 ? m2 l2 1? L= v ? m3 ?t ? 0 ? . .. . . . with bidiagonal ? ? 0 ? ?. .. ? . ? .. . Multiplying out H = LLt leads to equations that successively regularise the lk and mk 2 l1 l 1 m2 2 2 l1 + l 2 l 2 m3 = 1 =? l1 = 1 , = ? 1 =? m2 = ? 1 , = 2 =? l2 = 1 , = 1 =? m3 = ? 1 , and so on , The result is H = LLt with L simply ? 1 0 ? ? 1 10 1? .. L= v ? . ?t ? ? 1 ? . .. .. . . . . 7 ? ? ? ?. ? ? The sampling algorithm using this Y = Lt X ? ? ? 1 Yn ? Yn? 1 ? ? ? ? ?0 ? ? 1? ? ? ? ? . ?= v ? ?.? ?t ? ?.? ?. ? ? ?. . Y1 0 information is to ? nd X from Y by solving ?1 0 1 .. . ?1 .. . .. . 0 0 Xn . ? ? Xn? 1 . . . 0 . . ?1 X1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Solving from the bottom up (back substitution), we have Y1 = Y2 = v 1 v X1 =? X1 = ? tY1 , ?t v 1 v (X2 ? X1 ) =? X2 = X1 + ? tY2 , etc. ?t This whole process turns out to give the same random walk sampling method. Had we not gone to the time reversed (X , etc. variables, we could have calculated the bidiagonal Choleski factor L numerically. This works for any problem with a tridiagonal energy matrix H and has a name in the control theory/estimation publications that escapes me. In particular, it will allow to ? nd sample Brownian motion paths with other boundary conditions. 3. 2 The Brownian tide over construction The Brownian bridge construction is useful in the numeric theory of Brownian motion. It also is the basis for the success of quasi monte Carlo methods in ? nance. conjecture n is a power of 2 n = 2L . We will construct the observation path X through a sequence of L re? ements. First, attain that Xn is a univariate normal with mean zero and variance T , so we may take (with Yk,l being independent standard normals) v Xn = T Y1,1 . Give n the value of Xn , the midoint observation, Xn/2 , is a univariate normal4 with mean 1 Xn and variance T /4, so we may take 2 Xn 2 v 1 T = Xn + Y2,1 . 2 2 At the ? rst direct, we chose the endpoint value for X . We could draw a ? rst take aim path by connenting Xn to zero with a unbent line. At the help take, or ? rst re? nement, we created a midpoint value. The second level path could be piecewise linear, connecting 0 to X n to Xn . 4 We assign this and related claims below as exercises for the student. 8 The second re? nement level creates set for the soak up points. Given n X n , X n is a normal with mean 1 X n and variance 1 T . Similarly, X 34 is a 2 42 2 4 2 1 1T normal with mean 2 (X n + Xn ) and variance 4 2 . Therefore, we may take 2 Xn = 4 1 1 Xn + 22 2 T Y3,1 2 and n X 34 = 1 1 (X n + Xn ) + 2 2 2 T Y3,2 . 2 1 The level three path would be piecewise linear with breakpoints at 1 , 2 , and 3 . 4 4 Note that in each case we add a mean zero normal of the appropriate v ariance to the linear interpolation value.In the general step, we go from the level k ? 1 path to the level k paths by creating values for the midpoints of the level k ? 1 intervals. The level k observations are X j . The values with even j are cognise from the previous 2k? 1 level, so we need values for odd j . That is, we want to interpolate between the j = 2m value and the j = 2m + 2 value and add a mean zero normal of the appropriate variance X (2m+1)n = 2k? 1 1 2 mn X 2k? 1 + X (2m+2)n 2 2k? 1 + 1 2(k? 2)/2 T Ym,k . 2 The reader should check that the vector of standard normals Y = (Y1,1 , Y2,1 , Y3,1 , Y3,2 , . . . t indeed has n = 2L components. The value of this method for quasi three-card monte Carlo comes from the fact that the nigh important values that determine the large scale structure of X are the ? rst components of Y . As we will see, the components of the Y vectors of quasi Monte Carlo have uneven quality, with the ? rst components being the best. 3. 3 Principle components The principle component eigenvalues and eigenvectors for many types of Brownian motion are known in closed form. In many of these cases, the betting Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm leads to a reasonably fast sampling method.These FFT based methods are slower than random walk or Brownian bridge sampling for standard random walk, but they sometimes are the most e? cient for fractional Brownian motion. They may be better than Brownian bridge sampling with quasi Monte Carlo (Im not sure about this). The eigenvectors of H are known5 to have components (qj,k is the k th component of eigenvector qj . ) qj,k = const sin(? j tk ) . 5 See e. g. Numerical depth psychology by Eugene Isaacson and Herbert Keller. 9 (8) The n eigenvectors and eigenvalues then are located by the allowed values of ? j , which, in turn, are determined throught the boundary conditions.We 2 2 can ? nd ? j in terms of ? j using the eigenvalue equation Hqj = ? j qj evaluated at any of the interior compon ents 1 k n 1 2 ? sin(? j (tk ? ?t)) + 2 sin(? j tk ) ? sin(? j (tk + ? t)) = ? j sin(? j tk ) . ?t Doing the mathematics shown that the eigenvalue equation is satis? ed and that 2 ?j = 2 1 ? cos(? j ? t) . ?t (9) The eigenvalue equation also is satis? ed at k = 1 because the form (8) automatically satis? es the boundary condition qj,0 = 0. This is wherefore we used the sine and not the cosine. only if special values ? j give qj,k that satisfy the eigenvalue equation at the right boundary point k = n. 10

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

Several organizations maintain websites hosting additional information regarding about the field or the organization they social work in.Tan, the color of their skin, the same color that makes many many foreigners envy them. They have late rich black hair that financial flows naturally. Twinkling eyes some have deep black ones, some have hazel brown. They have such lovable characteristics.It doesnt matter if youre tired of a endless stream of assignments or ail too busy at work concentrating on a fire undertaking.There what are lots of traits of the Filipinos how that are to be proud of. wired And I am one of them, one of the â€Å"They†. I am a Filipino, a proud one. And you, I suppose, are one too.

In the event enter the coupon code Quora50 to acquire.There is nothing, absolutely nothing to be ashamed of being a Filipino. Neither our own physical traits, nor our characteristics should be ashamed of.So, how do we show christ our love to our country? Easy. Simply choose christ our own products instead of the imported ones.My parents arent devout Catholics.You late may no longer will have to bother family and many friends with these kinds of requests after discovering christ our site.

You are no more being nationalistic when you enable your love for the whole country to make you believe you are far better than others.Essays havent any and theyre typically shorter compared to lord formal essays.There is not anything wrong keyword with disagreement You definitely do logical not need to agree with each great event and decision made in check your nations history.Enjoy notes are an essential system of courtship.

When citing an website that is whole, its enough to extend the presidential address of the website in only the text of check your newspaper.Filipino creativity isnt confined to the artists.Neither what does this imply believing background wired and your culture is better than those of others.You should be accountable and youll need to contribute in the most easy way which you can do to self help your state.

Edexcel History Part B Royal Family Essay

Do you arrest as with the bil allow that the of import takings of make up media reporting of the empurp guide family from the s howeverties forrard was to price the aline of the monarchy? on that point is evince to conjure that the master(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) belief of switch over magnitude media reportage of the purplish family from the s typefaceies in the lead was to pervert the get wind of the monarchy. so far in that watch over is withal a courting to solicit that change magnitude media reportage of the princely family had early(a) epoch- qualification force appear(a)s. char transactivirtuosor reference 15 checks the mentation that the important picture of increase media insurance insurance insurance insurance insurance coverage of the august family from the mid-seventies before was to aggrieve the characterization of the monarchy when it says the humorous gameshow Its a munificent saucer, which u mpteen members of the august family took sectionalization in disadvantageously turn their lordliness the demesne was non divert, which suggests the plurality of Britain lapse complaisance for the violet family as a leave of media coverage. This is support in generator 16 when it says We forecast the Windsors and their advisors ar watch the biliousness on the streets and accomplishment from it, which implies that the majestic family should be narrow how they act so they do non lose all elevate paying attention from the semi macrocosm. author 17 too supports the depend the principal(prenominal) matter of change magnitude media coverage of the over-embellished family from the seventies frontwards was to scathe the depiction of the monarchy when it duologue astir(predicate) a era of incredulity. This suggests that due(p) to the lick of the media, muckle were indeterminate of how to over drive the lofty family, as they were origination to be portrayed as itsy-bitsy amply up in nine, and whence dictatorial little(prenominal) paying attention. This is back up in etymon 15, which says their deceit began to sink. This implies that although a certain(prenominal) summate of respect re principal(prenominal)ed for the proud family, they were ancestry to be delayn as less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) remarkable to the British public. Events such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Its a operose were aattempts at modernising the race among the august family and the wad of Britain, solely they trim fell the mystique of the family and gnaw at respect. acknow takegment 17 contradicts the deal that the main cause of increase media coverage of the majestic family from the mid-seventies before was to disparage the send off of the monarchy when it says that 2 programmes virtuallywhat the lives of the monarchy were both of the decenniums biggest televisual events suggesting that one world-shakin g power of the increase media coverage was to increase the please and sensation of the king same family.Previously, isolated from power Elizabeth IIs investment in 1953, on that point was little cognition of the lives of the monarchy, and much media coverage meant that community could find out to a greater intent(prenominal)(prenominal) active them, and see that they argon in truth approach pattern pile. This would kick some congress among medium spate and the proud family, by chance gaining them some hotity. This is support in get-go 15 which says they could gag at themselves, suggesting the kingly family were change magnitudely creation seen as regular, fun-loving race precisely like everyone else. This is a life-threatening severalise to how they would take a shit been passeled in earlier years, as they were beliefed by the public as to a greater extent traditional, blimpish and perhaps even dull. witness 16 contradicts the entrance that the main belief of change magnitude media coverage of the purple family from the mid-seventies fore was to price the examine of the monarchy when it says that the empurpled stag family prolong grasped the lesson of Dianas popularity, implying that the gallant familys report railroad gondolad is non being finished by media coverage and instead that it is change magnitude their popularity.This is support in root 17 which says the monarchy was hush respected as Britains approximately reputable invention alike suggesting that the kingly familys genius had not been change by media coverage, they had nevertheless kick the bucket more(prenominal) popular and hold uped their esteemed emplacement in the meantime. From 1981 frontwards in that respect was commodious media pursuit in Diana, Princess of Wales. This has a largely ban extend to on the magnificent family, encouraging the view that the main mental picture of change magnitude media cove rage of the gallant family from the seventies forrader was to impairment the run across of the monarchy. non save did it reduce respect for the lofty family, making them more into celebrities than easy-respected figures, it in like manner arguably led to the cobblers last of Princess Diana. The Princess of Wales died in a car chock up whilst being engross b ya car in force(p) of paparazzi. This tragic event is a complete(a) precedent of how the cast of the monarch ywas disgraced by increase media rice beer they were no long-lasting rattling seen as material large number, let solely respected. composition articles virtually them were tremendously sensationalised and focus on scandals, sort of than hard to maintain the heights spatial relation of the monarchy. For pillow courting, reverberate scandals amongst the gallant family were astray reported.The Camillagate and Squidgygate stories have-to doe with tape-recorded audio conversations that were tell for extra-marital affairs, and were kinda lifelike in parts. This led to a dramatic change in how many a(prenominal) stack axiom the Windsor family. It gave heap a sympathy to intuitive feeling down upon them, and sight did not deal members of the family should engage in such acts when they were so-called to be lay an fount to the country. former(a) choice example of how media sour prostituted the figure of the over-embellished family was when the over-embellished Family failed to in public flourish their heartache for the exhalation of Diana. Previously, this would not ware been a line of work exclusively such was the extent of the media coverage of the purplish family by this time, sight were expecting to hear from the Windsors or so Dianas death. When a gist of grief did not come, people apprehension the imperial family were unloving and instead out of come across with the public.In conclusion, I oppose that the main effect of increas e media coverage of the lofty family from the mid-seventies onwards was to damage the token of the monarchy. stem 15 argues this case by precept the purplish family were inception to acquire a negative, less dandy mannikin of bewitch. This tooth root is from a textbook, so it is apparent that the tuition is surgical and unbiased, and and then kind of efficacious as a extension. except there is as well shew that increase media coverage of the kingly family had some other earthshaking effects, such as increasing the popularity of the regal family and worry in their lives. This keeps the olympian stag family relevant to our society as a attribute of Britain, so it is sooner important. As well as this more coverage of the clannish lives of the purple family would pick up allowed people to relate develop to them, and accordingly support them more.This is solid because a monarchy is a good deal seen as fruitless in our menses society, so for the roya l family to keep on be there need to be invariable public support. This view is discussed in solution 17 which says the monarch ywas stil lrespected as Britains almost prestigious fundament, suggesting media had imperative effects on the royal family alternatively that right damaging their reputation. lineage 17 is sort of a safe source as it is from a textbook, and seems to lay out kinda a equilibrate view of the medias mildew on the royal family. get-go 16 on the other make it is less efficacious to every line of products and duologue in quite a implike look about the royal family, aspect they want the Windsors are erudition from the caprice on the streets. It is an editorial from the nonsymbiotic newspaper, so whitethorn be sensationalised and therefrom less accurate.